Ocean Winds and Turbulent Air-Sea Fluxes Inferred From Remote Sensing
Ocean Winds and Turbulent Air-Sea Fluxes Inferred From Remote Sensing
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DOI：
10.5670/oceanog.2010.04
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发表时间：
2010
期刊：
影响因子：
2.8
通讯作者：
M. Bourassa;S. Gille;D. Jackson;J. Roberts;G. Wick
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
M. Bourassa;S. Gille;D. Jackson;J. Roberts;G. Wick
海气湍流通量决定了大气和海洋之间的动量、热量、淡水和气体的交换。这些交换过程对于从几米到几千公里的长度尺度和从几小时到几十年的时间尺度的广泛研究问题至关重要。讨论了实例（第2节）。从卫星上估算地表湍流通量具有挑战性，并且充满了相当大的误差（第3节）;然而，最近在反演方面的发展（第3节）将大大减少这些误差。第4节概述了未来观测系统的目标。表面通量被定义为每单位面积的速率，动量、能量、水分或CO2）通过空气/海洋界面传递。风和浮力驱动的表面通量被称为表面湍流通量，因为混合和传输是由于湍流。非湍流过程的例子是辐射通量（例如，太阳辐射）和降水（施密特等人，2010年）。湍流通量强烈依赖于风速;因此，风速的观测对于所有湍流表面通量的计算至关重要。风应力，水平动量的垂直传输，也取决于风向。应力对于许多海洋过程非常重要，包括上层洋流（Dohan和Maximenko，2010年）和深层洋流（Lee等人，2010年）。在短时间尺度上，这种水平输送与地表通量相比通常很小。对于长期过程，迁移可能非常重要，但与地表通量相比通常很小。
Air-sea turbulent fluxes determine the exchange of momentum, heat, freshwater, and gas between the atmosphere and ocean. These exchange processes are critical to a broad range of research questions spanning length scales from meters to thousands of kilometers and time scales from hours to decades. Examples are discussed (section 2). The estimation of surface turbulent fluxes from satellite is challenging and fraught with considerable errors (section 3); however, recent developments in retrievals (section 3) will greatly reduce these errors. Goals for the future observing system are summarized in section 4. Surface fluxes are defined as the rate per unit area at which something (e.g., momentum, energy, moisture, or CO Z ) is transferred across the air/sea interface. Wind- and buoyancy-driven surface fluxes are called surface turbulent fluxes because the mixing and transport are due to turbulence. Examples of nonturbulent processes are radiative fluxes (e.g., solar radiation) and precipitation (Schmitt et al., 2010). Turbulent fluxes are strongly dependent on wind speed; therefore, observations of wind speed are critical for the calculation of all turbulent surface fluxes. Wind stress, the vertical transport of horizontal momentum, also depends on wind direction. Stress is very important for many ocean processes, including upper ocean currents (Dohan and Maximenko, 2010) and deep ocean currents (Lee et al., 2010). On short time scales, this horizontal transport is usually small compared to surface fluxes. For long-term processes, transport can be very important but again is usually small compared to surface fluxes.