A social-ecological framework for analyzing and designing integrated crop–livestock systems from farm to territory levels
A social-ecological framework for analyzing and designing integrated crop–livestock systems from farm to territory levels
复制标题
用于分析和设计从农场到地区层面的综合作物-牲畜系统的社会生态框架
DOI：
10.1017/s1742170515000526
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发表时间：
2016
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
O. Thérond
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
M. Moraine;M. Duru;O. Thérond
摘要农作物-畜牧业一体化系统通常被认为是解决农业可持续性问题的一种有前途的方法。许多作者声称，作物和牲畜之间的互补性和协同作用可以改善农业系统中的养分循环和生态系统服务（ES）的提供。他们分析了农场一级相互作用的影响，并肯定了在地区一级发展作物-牲畜相互作用的潜在优势。然而，在农场层面以外发展协同增效的潜在惠益尚未明确确定。因此，我们开发了一个概念框架，可用于分析，设计和执行作物-牲畜系统在领土一级的综合评估。为了解决作物-牲畜相互作用问题，我们将其定义为一个社会生态系统，称为区域作物-牲畜系统（TCLS）。生态系统被表示为三个相互作用的组成部分，作物，草地和动物，允许描述各种土地利用及其对养分循环和ES的潜在影响。以农民与自然资源管理者和农业食品链参与者互动为代表的社会制度决定了土地利用以及所提供的环境服务的性质和强度。我们强调协调和学习的重要性，以支持复杂的自适应系统，如TCLS的实施。我们说明了我们的概念框架的表达能力，通过发展一个通用类型学的作物-牲畜系统。然后，我们展示了我们的概念框架可以作为一个中间对象与利益相关者参与式设计方法。我们说明了这一过程，代表四个原型TCLS。我们提供了一个例子，在法国西南部实施的设计方法，以解决严重的经常性水资源短缺，其中包括在当前的作物-牲畜系统的土地利用分析和相关的关键代谢和ES问题，确定这些选项的变化和多标准分析的选项。我们的结论是，这一框架显示出巨大的潜力，以支持可持续农业系统在领土一级的发展。
Abstract Integrated crop–livestock systems are often considered a promising way to address agricultural sustainability issues. Many authors claim that complementarities and synergies between crops and livestock can improve nutrient cycling and delivery of ecosystem services (ES) in agricultural systems. They have analyzed effects of interactions at the farm level and affirmed the potential advantage of developing crop–livestock interactions at the territory level. However, potential benefits of developing synergies beyond the farm level have not been clearly identified. Thus, we developed a conceptual framework that can be used to analyze, design and perform integrated assessment of crop–livestock systems at the territory level. To address crop–livestock interaction issues, we define it as a social-ecological system called the territorial crop–livestock system (TCLS). The ecological system is represented as three interacting components, crops, grasslands and animals, allowing description of various land uses and their potential effects on nutrient cycling and ES. The social system, represented as farmers interacting with natural-resource managers and agro-food chain actors, determines land use and the nature and intensity of ES delivered. We highlight the importance of coordination and learning among actors to support implementation of complex adaptive systems such as TCLSs. We illustrate the expressive power of our conceptual framework through development of a generic typology of crop–livestock systems. Then we show how our conceptual framework can be used as an intermediary object with stakeholders in participatory design approaches. We illustrate this process by representing four archetypal TCLSs. We provide an example of the design approach implemented in Southwestern France to address severe recurrent water shortages, which includes analysis of land use in the current crop–livestock system and the associated key metabolic and ES issues, identification of options for change and multi-criteria analysis of these options. We conclude that this framework shows great potential to support development of sustainable farming systems at the territory level.