Land subsidence due to groundwater drawdown in Shanghai
Land subsidence due to groundwater drawdown in Shanghai
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DOI：
10.1680/geot.2004.54.2.143
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发表时间：
2004
期刊：
影响因子：
5.8
通讯作者：
J. Chai;S. Shen;Hehua Zhu;X. Zhang
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
J. Chai;S. Shen;Hehua Zhu;X. Zhang
上海位于长江三角洲存款上，如图1所示。图2显示了主要的地质层。第四系存款的总厚度约为300米（上海地质办公室，1976，1979）。过量抽取地下水导致第四系存款的压缩，并在上海沉降。虽然采取了包括回灌地下水等措施来减缓沉降速度，但到目前为止，上海市中心区的累积沉降量仅为2-3 m。这次地面沉降引起了许多社会问题。最紧迫的问题是洪水泛滥的可能性增加。从1981年到1994年，降雨洪水发生了22次，几乎每年两次（Liu，2001年）。潮汐泛滥的可能性也增加了。从1956年起，沿着海岸线的堤防高度增加了4倍，堤顶高程从5米提高到6.8米。由地面沉降引起的其他问题是对下水道系统、道路、建筑物和地铁隧道等的破坏。上海的地面沉降监测始于1921年。上海市区地面沉降的历史可以分为两个时期：即快速沉降期（1921-1965年）和控制沉降期（1965年至今）（Zhang & Han，2002）。然而，1990年以后，下沉率有增加的趋势。本文首先探讨了过量开采地下水引起地面沉降的机理。在此基础上，分析了地下水开采与地面沉降的关系。
INTRODUCTION Shanghai is located on the deltaic deposit of the Yangtze River, as illustrated in Fig. 1. Fig. 2 shows the main geological strata. The total thickness of the Quaternary deposit is about 300 m (Shanghai Geology Office, 1976, 1979). Excessive pumping of the groundwater caused compression of the Quaternary deposit, and subsidence in Shanghai. Although several countermeasures, including recharge of the groundwater, have been adopted to mitigate the rate of subsidence, up to the present the recorded cumulative subsidence has been 2–3 m in the central area of Shanghai. This subsidence has caused a lot of social problems. The immediate problem is the increase in the possibility of flooding. From 1981 to 1994, rainfall flooding occurred 22 times, at a rate of almost twice per year (Liu, 2001). The possibility of tidal flooding also increased. From 1956, the height of the dike along the coast line was increased four times, with the crest elevation rising from 5 m to 6.8 m. Other problems caused by the land subsidence are damage to the sewerage system, road, buildings, and subway tunnels etc. In Shanghai the monitoring of land subsidence started in 1921. The history of land subsidence in the urban area of Shanghai can be divided into two periods: namely a rapid subsidence period (1921–1965) and a controlled period (1965–present) (Zhang & Han, 2002). However, there has been a tendency for the subsidence rate to increase after 1990. In this paper, the mechanism of land subsidence due to excessive pumping of groundwater is discussed first. Then the measured field data are presented, and the relationship between groundwater pumping and land subsidence is discussed.