An integrated model for the assessment of global water resources Part 1: Model description and input meteorological forcing
An integrated model for the assessment of global water resources Part 1: Model description and input meteorological forcing
复制标题
DOI：
10.5194/hess-12-1007-2008
复制
发表时间：
2008-01-01
影响因子：
6.3
通讯作者：
Tanaka, K.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hanasaki, N.;Kanae, S.;Tanaka, K.
为了评估全球水资源的可得性和使用情况，开发了一个全球水资源综合模型，该模型由六个模块组成：地表水文学、河流路由、作物生长、水库运行、环境流量需求估算和人为取水。该模型每天以1度x1度（经度和纬度）的空间分辨率模拟全球（不包括南极洲）的自然和人为水流。这两个专题报告的第一部分描述了六个模块和输入气象强迫。输入的气象强迫是由第二个全球土壤湿润项目（GSWP 2），一个国际陆面模拟项目。据报告，强迫分量的几个缺点得到了改进。陆面水文模块是基于模拟陆面能量和水分平衡的桶型模型开发的。作物生长模块是一个相对简单的模型，基于热量单位理论、潜在生物量和收获指数的概念。在水库调度模块中，452座蓄水量大于1 km（3）的大型水库根据各自的调度规则进行蓄水和放水。每个水库的运行规则是通过一种算法确定的，该算法使用了当前可用的全球数据，如水库蓄水量、预期用途、模拟流入量和下游需水量。环境流量要求模块是根据世界各地的案例研究新开发的。模拟径流进行了比较，并与基于观测的全球径流数据集和观测到的径流记录在32个主要河流测量站在世界各地。平均年径流量与全球和大陆尺度的早期研究一致，在个别流域中，32个流域中有14个流域的平均偏差小于+/- 20%，24个流域的平均偏差小于+/- 50%。27个盆地中有19个盆地的峰值误差小于+/- 1个月，25个盆地的峰值误差小于+/- 2个月。性能与关闭能量和水的现有最佳先例研究相似。输入的气象强迫分量和集成模式提供了一个框架，以评估全球水资源，与潜在的应用，调查在水资源的年际变化。
To assess global water availability and use at a subannual timescale, an integrated global water resources model was developed consisting of six modules: land surface hydrology, river routing, crop growth, reservoir operation, environmental flow requirement estimation, and anthropogenic water withdrawal. The model simulates both natural and anthropogenic water flow globally (excluding Antarctica) on a daily basis at a spatial resolution of 1 degrees x 1 degrees (longitude and latitude). This first part of the two-feature report describes the six modules and the input meteorological forcing. The input meteorological forcing was provided by the second Global Soil Wetness Project (GSWP2), an international land surface modeling project. Several reported shortcomings of the forcing component were improved. The land surface hydrology module was developed based on a bucket type model that simulates energy and water balance on land surfaces. The crop growth module is a relatively simple model based on concepts of heat unit theory, potential biomass, and a harvest index. In the reservoir operation module, 452 major reservoirs with >1 km(3) each of storage capacity store and release water according to their own rules of operation. Operating rules were determined for each reservoir by an algorithm that used currently available global data such as reservoir storage capacity, intended purposes, simulated inflow, and water demand in the lower reaches. The environmental flow requirement module was newly developed based on case studies from around the world. Simulated runoff was compared and validated with observation-based global runoff data sets and observed streamflow records at 32 major river gauging stations around the world. Mean annual runoff agreed well with earlier studies at global and continental scales, and in individual basins, the mean bias was less than +/- 20% in 14 of the 32 river basins and less than +/- 50% in 24 basins. The error in the peak was less than +/- 1 mo in 19 of the 27 basins and less than +/- 2 mo in 25 basins. The performance was similar to the best available precedent studies with closure of energy and water. The input meteorological forcing component and the integrated model provide a framework with which to assess global water resources, with the potential application to investigate the subannual variability in water resources.