Development of New Food-Sharing Relationships in Vampire Bats
Development of New Food-Sharing Relationships in Vampire Bats
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DOI：
10.1016/j.cub.2020.01.055
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发表时间：
2020-04-06
期刊：
影响因子：
9.2
通讯作者：
Page, Rachel A.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Carter, Gerald G.;Farine, Damien R.;Page, Rachel A.
一些非人类动物与非亲属形成了适应性的长期合作关系，这种关系在形式和功能上似乎类似于人类的友谊[194]。然而，目前尚不清楚这些债券最初是如何形成的，特别是当它们需要投入时间和精力的时候。理论表明，个人可以通过以下方式降低剥削风险：最初将较小的合作投资分散到不同时间[例如，5]或合作伙伴[6]，然后逐步增加对更多合作伙伴关系的投资[7]。尽管直觉上很有吸引力，但这个提高赌注的模型[7]却获得了令人惊讶的稀少的经验支持。虽然人类陌生人在合作游戏中出价时确实“提高了赌注”[8]，但没有明确的证据表明，在自然界中形成社会纽带的过程中会提高赌注。现有的研究仅限于具有严重权力不对称的合作互动(例如，清洁工-客户鱼的互惠共生[9])，或者在已建立的关系中对单一行为的快照(灵长类动物的梳理[10-13])。在建立关系的过程中提高赌注可能会升级为代价更高的行为。例如，个人可以通过首先聚集取暖(免费)，然后有条件地梳理(低成本)，最后提供联合支持(高成本)来“试水”。检测这种模式需要引入随机的陌生人，并测量成本不同的自然帮助行为的出现情况。我们通过跟踪以前不熟悉的圈养吸血蝙蝠(Desmodus Rotundus)在15个月内出现的社交打扮和反胃食物捐赠来进行这项测试。我们发现了令人信服的证据，吸血蝙蝠在发展成本较高的食物分享关系之前，会有选择地升级低成本的梳理。
Some nonhuman animals form adaptive long-term cooperative relationships with non kin that seem analogous in form and function to human friendship [194]. However, it remains unclear how these bonds initially form, especially when they entail investments of time and energy. Theory suggests individuals can reduce the risk of exploitation by initially spreading out smaller cooperative investments across time [e.g., 5] or partners [6], then gradually escalating investments in more cooperative partnerships [7]. Despite its intuitive appeal, this raising-the-stakes model [7] has gained surprisingly scarce empirical support. Although human strangers do "raise the stakes" when making bids in cooperation games [8], there has been no clear evidence for raising the stakes during formation of social bonds in nature. Existing studies are limited to cooperative interactions with severe power asymmetries (e.g., the cleaner-client fish mutualism [9]) or snapshots of a single behavior within established relationships (grooming in primates [10-13]). Raising the stakes during relationship formation might involve escalating to more costly behaviors. For example, individuals could "test the waters" by first clustering for warmth (no cost), then conditionally grooming (low cost), and eventually providing coalitionary support (high cost). Detecting such a pattern requires introducing random strangers and measuring the emergence of natural helping behaviors that vary in costs. We performed this test by tracking the emergence of social grooming and regurgitated food donations among previously unfamiliar captive vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus) over 15 months. We found compelling evidence that vampire bats selectively escalate low-cost grooming before developing higher-cost food-sharing relationships.