Cappadocian ignimbrite cave churches: stone degradation and conservation strategies
Cappadocian ignimbrite cave churches: stone degradation and conservation strategies
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卡帕多西亚火烧岩洞穴教堂：石头退化和保护策略
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发表时间：
2014
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通讯作者：
G. Crisci
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作者：
M. F. Russa;S. Ruffolo;N. Rovella;C. Belfiore;P. Pogliani;C. Pelosi;Maria Andaloro;G. Crisci
本研究的重点是调查矿物岩相学特征和保护方面的石头材料从一些岩石凿教堂在卡帕多西亚地区（土耳其），以选择最合适的巩固系统，以提高抵抗风化和退化现象的这一独特的世界遗产。在这项研究中，来自Goreme露天博物馆的Tokali教堂和Al-Ahinefendi的四十烈士教堂的标本通过光学显微镜和X射线衍射进行了分析，以检查岩石的性质，特别是它的保存情况。熔结凝灰岩样品显示出具有玻璃斑状基质和晶体碎屑-玻璃斑状结构的斑状结构。蒙皂石和伊利石的存在造成严重损害的岩石结构，如裂缝，脱粘，剥落，和解聚phenomenon.的固结试验上的熔结凝灰岩标本，大小根据标准程序，通过使用三个商业硅基产品：NanoEstel，Estel 1000，和Estel 1100。通过钛标记程序，然后通过扫描电子显微镜-能量色散谱分析研究了固结剂的渗透。颜色测量用于研究由于处理而可能的颜色变化。进行毛细测试以评估固结处理前后石材表面所吸收的水的量。最后，通过对未处理和处理的样品进行剥离测试来研究由于固结而引起的表面内聚力。固结测试表明，溶剂型产品（Estel 1000，Estel 1100）比水性悬浮液（NanoEstel）表现出更好的分布。然而，NanoEstel在毛细吸收测试中给出了更好的结果，表明该产品能够使结石多孔结构基本上保持不变。
The focus of this research is to investigate the minero-petrographic features and the conservation aspects of the stone materials from some rock-hewn churches in Cappadocia region (Turkey) in order to choose the most appropriate consolidating systems to improve the resistance against the weathering and degradation phenomena of this unique world heritage site. In this study, specimens from the Tokali church in the Goreme’s Open Air Museum, and from the Forty Martyrs Church in Şahinefendi were analysed by optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction in order to examine the properties of the rock and especially how well preserved it is. The ignimbrite samples show a porphyritic structure with vitrophyric groundmass and crystalloclastic-vitrophyric texture. The presence of smectite and illite caused serious damage to the rock structure such as cracks, decohesion, exfoliation, and disaggregation phenomena.The consolidation tests were performed on the ignimbrite specimens, sized according to the standard procedure, by using three commercial silica-based products: NanoEstel, Estel 1000, and Estel 1100. The consolidant penetration was investigated by titanium labelling procedure followed by scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis. Colour measurements were used to study the possible chromatic changes due to the treatments. The capillary test was performed to evaluate the amount of water absorbed by the stone surfaces before and after the consolidating treatments. Lastly, the surface cohesion due to the consolidation was investigated by using the peeling test carried out on untreated and treated samples.The consolidating tests showed that the solvent-based products (Estel 1000, Estel 1100) exhibit a better distribution than the aqueous suspensions (NanoEstel). Nevertheless NanoEstel gives better results in the capillary absorption test, suggesting that this product has the ability to leave the stone porous structure substantially unaltered.