The Origins of Ashkenaz, Ashkenazic Jews, and Yiddish.
The Origins of Ashkenaz, Ashkenazic Jews, and Yiddish.
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DOI：
10.3389/fgene.2017.00087
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发表时间：
2017
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Elhaik E
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Das R;Wexler P;Pirooznia M;Elhaik E
最近，通过地理人口结构（GPS）对一组只讲意第绪语和多语言的阿什肯纳兹犹太人（AJs）及其母语意第绪语的地理起源进行了调查。GPS定位了土耳其东北部主要古代贸易路线上的大多数aj，这些村庄的名字类似于“阿什肯纳兹”。这些发现与AJs起源于伊朗-突厥-斯拉夫和意第绪语起源于斯拉夫的假设是一致的，而与主张AJs起源于黎凡特和意第绪语起源于德国的莱茵兰假设是不一致的。我们将讨论这些发现是如何推动三个正在进行的辩论的：(1)“德系犹太人”一词的历史意义；(2)利用现代和古代DNA以及原始古代DNA分析的多项研究推断出AJs的遗传结构及其地理起源；(3)意第绪语的发展。我们使用来自近东和黎凡特的古代DNA对AJs的非黎凡特起源提供了额外的验证。由于地理定位工具在解决原产地问题方面的日益普及，我们简要讨论了流行工具的优势和局限性，重点是GPS方法。我们的研究结果强化了AJs的非黎凡特起源。
Recently, the geographical origins of Ashkenazic Jews (AJs) and their native language Yiddish were investigated by applying the Geographic Population Structure (GPS) to a cohort of exclusively Yiddish-speaking and multilingual AJs. GPS localized most AJs along major ancient trade routes in northeastern Turkey adjacent to primeval villages with names that resemble the word “Ashkenaz.” These findings were compatible with the hypothesis of an Irano-Turko-Slavic origin for AJs and a Slavic origin for Yiddish and at odds with the Rhineland hypothesis advocating a Levantine origin for AJs and German origins for Yiddish. We discuss how these findings advance three ongoing debates concerning (1) the historical meaning of the term “Ashkenaz;” (2) the genetic structure of AJs and their geographical origins as inferred from multiple studies employing both modern and ancient DNA and original ancient DNA analyses; and (3) the development of Yiddish. We provide additional validation to the non-Levantine origin of AJs using ancient DNA from the Near East and the Levant. Due to the rising popularity of geo-localization tools to address questions of origin, we briefly discuss the advantages and limitations of popular tools with focus on the GPS approach. Our results reinforce the non-Levantine origins of AJs.