Assessment of Extreme Risk Protection Order Use in California From 2016 to 2019
Assessment of Extreme Risk Protection Order Use in California From 2016 to 2019
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DOI：
10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.7735
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发表时间：
2020-06-18
影响因子：
13.8
通讯作者：
Wintemute, Garen J.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Pallin, Rocco;Schleimer, Julia P.;Wintemute, Garen J.
目前，美国共有19个州和哥伦比亚特区制定了极端风险保护令（ERPO）或类似的政策，其他州也在考虑制定这些政策;然而，几乎没有研究描述它们的使用情况。目的通过提供对ERPO、受ERPO约束的个人和请愿者的第一次全州范围内的汇总描述，描述加州ERPO政策的早期使用情况。设计、设置和参与者这项横断面研究分析了2016年至2019年加州司法部加州限制和保护令系统中记录的1076名ERPO受访者。对2016年1月1日至2019年12月31日在加州发布的订单进行了描述性分析，并计算了单变量Moran I，以检查政策使用的县级空间自相关性。主要研究结果包括ERPO受访者的特征（人口特征），请愿者（执法与家庭或家庭成员），订单（类型和服务）以及政策使用的时间和空间变化在实施的前4年。结果在研究期间的1076名受访者中，大多数是男性（985 [91.5%]）和白色个体（637 [59.2%]），平均年龄为41.8岁（范围，14至98岁）。在1 038起案件中，执法人员是申请人（96.5%）。在研究期间，受访者人数从2016年的70人增加到2019年的700人，并且ERPO的使用存在很大的县级差异（范围从0到354名受访者），在邻近县的ERPO受访者数量中具有显著的空间聚集性（观察到的Moran I，0.18，来自参考分布的平均值[SD] Moran I，-0.01（0.05）; z值，3.58; P = .004）。结论和相关性这项研究是第一个描述ERPO或类似政策的早期使用的研究之一，发现从2016年到2019年，加州ERPO的使用大幅增加。这些结果可以为加州和其他地方的政策制定者和参与政策实施和推广的其他利益相关者提供信息。类似的研究在其他国家将是有用的，以了解variation.Question什么是极端风险保护令（ERPO）的请愿人和受访者的特点，什么是在政策的使用在加州在其实施的前4年的空间和时间模式？结果-这1076 ERPO受访者的横断面研究发现，大多数受访者是男性和白色个人，大多数上访者是执法人员。从2016年到2019年，ERPO的使用大幅增加，各县之间的使用情况差异很大。意义-这项研究的结果可以告知利益相关者参与ERPO政策的采纳，实施，教育和推广，以及研究人员寻求进一步评估这些policy.This横断面研究的特点早期使用的加州的极端风险保护令（ERPO）政策，提供了一个汇总，全州范围内的描述ERPO的，受他们的个人，和请愿人。
Importance A total of 19 states and the District of Columbia now have extreme risk protection order (ERPO) or similar policies, and others are considering them; however, little research exists describing their use. Objective To characterize early use of California's ERPO policy by providing the first aggregate, statewide description of ERPOs, individuals subject to them, and petitioners. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study analyzed 1076 respondents to ERPOs recorded in the California Department of Justice California Restraining and Protective Order System from 2016 to 2019. Descriptive analyses of orders issued between January 1, 2016, and December 31, 2019 in California were performed, and univariate Moran I was calculated to examine county-level spatial autocorrelation of the policy's use. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary study outcomes included the characteristics of ERPO respondents (demographic characteristics), petitioners (law enforcement vs family or household members), and orders (type and service) as well as temporal and spatial variation in policy use during the first 4 years of implementation. Results Of 1076 respondents during the study period, most were men (985 [91.5%]) and white individuals (637 [59.2%]), with a mean age of 41.8 years (range, 14 to 98 years). A law enforcement officer was the petitioner in 1038 cases (96.5%). The number of respondents increased during the study period from 70 in 2016 to 700 in 2019, and there was substantial county-level variation in ERPO use (ranging from 0 to 354 respondents), with significant spatial clustering in counts of ERPO respondents among neighboring counties (observed Moran I, 0.18, mean [SD] Moran I from reference distribution, -0.01 (0.05); z value, 3.58; P = .004). Conclusions and Relevance This study, among the first to describe the early utilization of an ERPO or similar policy, found a substantial increase in the use of ERPOs in California from 2016 to 2019. These results could inform policy makers and other stakeholders involved in policy implementation and outreach in California and elsewhere. Similar studies in other states would be useful to understand variation.Question What were the characteristics of extreme risk protection order (ERPO) petitioners and respondents, and what were the spatial and temporal patterns in the policy's use in California during the first 4 years of its implementation? Findings This cross-sectional study of 1076 ERPO respondents found that most respondents were men and white individuals and that most petitioners were law enforcement officers. Use of ERPOs increased substantially from 2016 to 2019, and there was large variation in uptake between counties. Meaning The results of this study could inform stakeholders involved with ERPO policy adoption, implementation, education, and outreach as well as researchers seeking to further evaluate these policies.This cross-sectional study characterizes the early use of California's extreme risk protection order (ERPO) policy by providing an aggregate, statewide description of ERPOs, the individuals subject to them, and petitioners.