Restoration to offset the impacts of developments at a landscape scale reveals opportunities, challenges and tough choices
Restoration to offset the impacts of developments at a landscape scale reveals opportunities, challenges and tough choices
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DOI：
10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2018.07.008
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发表时间：
2018-09-01
影响因子：
8.9
通讯作者：
Wilson, Kerrie A.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Budiharta, Sugeng;Meijaard, Erik;Wilson, Kerrie A.
当开发影响到广阔的地貌并导致多种生态系统服务的损失时，必须决定抵消哪些影响。我们使用加里曼丹的工业油棕开发，并量化恢复的潜力，以抵消油棕对碳储存和生物多样性的影响。我们开发了一种独特的回溯方法，结合空间保护优先级框架，以确定恢复抵消的优先领域。我们计算了油棕开发的过去影响，量化了25年油棕种植周期内碳储存和生物多样性恢复的未来效益，并优先考虑恢复区域，以最低成本平衡影响和效益。我们估计，通过恢复0.4-1.6 Mha退化的泥炭地（包括失败的农业项目），抵消加里曼丹现有4.6 Mha工业油棕种植园的碳排放量最具成本效益，成本为7 - 29亿美元。另一方面，抵消生物多样性损失将需要至少4.7 Mha的退化地区（相当于加里曼丹的8.7%）恢复，成本为77亿美元。我们发现，抵消生物多样性损失的优先领域重叠差，补偿碳排放。我们的分析表明，在景观尺度上协调多重影响将需要在有争议的社会政治偏好中做出艰难的选择。我们的研究结果还阐明了保护热带地区生物多样性丰富的原始森林和泥炭地的根本重要性，以及避免在未来改变这些地区的必要性。
When development impacts a broad landscape and causes the loss of multiple ecosystem services, decisions about which of these impacts to offset must be made. We use industrial oil-palm developments in Kalimantan and quantify the potential for restoration to offset oil-palm impacts on carbon storage and biodiversity. We developed a unique backcasting approach combined with a spatial conservation prioritisation framework to identify priority areas for restoration offsetting. We calculated the past impacts of oil-palm development, quantified the future benefits of restoration for carbon storage and biodiversity over one oil-palm planting cycle of 25 years, and prioritised areas for restoration to balance the impacts and benefits for the least cost. We estimate that offsetting the carbon emissions attributable to the existing 4.6 Mha of industrial oil-palm plantation in Kalimantan is most cost-effectively achieved by restoring 0.4-1.6 Mha of degraded peatlands, including failed agricultural projects, at a cost of US$0.7-2.9 billion. On the other hand, offsetting biodiversity losses would require at least 4.7 Mha of degraded areas to be restored (equating to 8.7% of Kalimantan) at a cost of US$7.7 billion. We show that priority areas for offsetting biodiversity losses overlap poorly with those for compensating carbon emissions. Our analysis suggests that reconciling multiple impacts at landscape scales will necessitate difficult choices among contested socio-political preferences. Our findings also clarify the fundamental importance of conserving biodiversity-rich primary forests and peatlands in the tropics and the need to avoid converting these areas in the future.