Insect Migration: Insect migration in North America: synoptic-scale transport in a highly seasonal environment
Insect Migration: Insect migration in North America: synoptic-scale transport in a highly seasonal environment
复制标题
DOI：
10.1017/cbo9780511470875.003
复制
发表时间：
1995
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
S. J. Johnson
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
S. J. Johnson
许多北美昆虫，包括几种重要的害虫，进行长途迁徙(表2.1)。关于迁徙在这些物种种群过程中的作用以及迁徙与气候和大气现象的关系的知识分四个大的阶段发展。起初，人们只是认识到，美国北部纬度的严重虫害问题有时是由突然出现的与南风有关的种群引起的。然后在20世纪20年代和30年代，对高空空气进行飞机采样成为可能(费尔特，1928,1937年；格利克，1939年)，人们发现昆虫、蜘蛛和螨类通常在1.5公里的高度被发现，偶尔(1%的标本获得)在更高的高度，甚至到~4.6公里。在这些飞机样本中捕获了700多种物种，但肯定不是所有的都是长途迁徙。在季节上，光照强度、温度、风速和风向等气象变量是影响高空昆虫分布的重要因素。在移民研究的第三阶段，在1940年代、1950年代和1960年代，在一系列研究中记录了一个物种在一个地区突然出现与天气尺度(200-2000公里)天气系统通过之间的联系。最后，1979年在北卡罗来纳州罗利举行的一次会议(Rabb和Kennedy，1979)推动了北美昆虫迁徙研究的当前时代，其中现代技术，如地面技术(Wolf，Westbrook&Sparks，1986；Beerwinkle等)。和机载(Wolf等人，1990)雷达，轨迹分析(Wolf等人，1987；Smelser等人，1991；Carlson等人，1991)，空中收集
Many North American insects, including several that are important pests, undertake long-distance migrations (Table 2.1). Knowledge of the role of migration in the population processes of these species, and of the relation of migration to climate and atmospheric phenomena, has developed in four broad phases. At first it was simply recognised that serious pest problems in the northern latitudes of the USA were sometimes initiated by populations that appeared suddenly in association with southerly winds. Then in the 1920s and 1930s, airplane sampling of the upper air became possible (Felt, 1928, 1937; Glick, 1939) and it was found that insects, spiders, and mites were commonly to be found at heights up to 1.5 km and occasionally (< 1% of specimens obtained) at greater altitudes, even up to~ 4.6 km. Over 700 species were caught in these airplane samples, but certainly not all were long-distance migrants. Seasonally, light intensity, temperature, wind speed and direction, and some other meteorological variables were found to be important factors affecting the distribution of insects in the upper air. In the third phase of migration research, during the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s, the association between the sudden appearance of a species in an area and the passage of synoptic-scale (200-2000 km) weather systems was documented in a series of studies. Finally, a conference held in Raleigh, North Carolina in 1979 (Rabb & Kennedy, 1979) stimulated the current era of research on insect migration in North America, in which modern technologies, such as ground-based (Wolf, Westbrook & Sparks, 1986; Beerwinkle et al. 1991) and airborne (Wolf et al, 1990) radar, trajectory analysis (Wolf et al, 1987; Smelser et al, 1991; Carlson et al, 1991), aerial collection