Comprehensive Survey of Domiciliary Triatomine Species Capable of Transmitting Chagas Disease in Southern Ecuador.
Comprehensive Survey of Domiciliary Triatomine Species Capable of Transmitting Chagas Disease in Southern Ecuador.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pntd.0004142
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发表时间：
2015
影响因子：
3.8
通讯作者：
Baus EG
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Grijalva MJ;Villacis AG;Ocaña-Mayorga S;Yumiseva CA;Moncayo AL;Baus EG
恰加斯病是厄瓜多尔南部安第斯地区的地方病，该地区是该国贫困率最高的地区之一。然而，很少有研究探讨了该地区的流行病学，病媒和传播风险。在这项研究中，我们描述了在洛哈省锥蝽家庭感染，确定锥蝽克氏锥虫感染率和研究与感染相关的风险因素。一项昆虫学调查发现，四种锥蝽（Rhodnius ecuadoriensis，Triatoma carrioni，Panstrongylus chinai和P. rufotuberculatus）在68%的92个农村社区中感染了锥蝽。9%的寄生虫被侵染，在80%的被侵染的寄生虫中观察到寄生虫。在低于2，200 masl的所有生态区都发现了锥蝽。我们找到R了ecuadoriensis（275 ~ 1948 masl）和T. carrioni（831 - 2242 masl）主要在住所内的卧室里，住所附近的鸡舍里也有大量的carrioni。在住所中还发现了中国对虾（175至2003 masl）和红瘤对虾（404至1613 masl）的建立菌落。锥蝽侵扰与替代贫困指标相关，如卫生基础设施差（缺乏厕所/厕所[w = 0.95]，污水排放到环境[w = 1.0]）。植被类型是虫害的决定因素[w = 1.0]，病媒控制程序杀虫剂喷洒是保护因素[w = 1.0]。在分析的754只锥虫中，11%感染克氏锥虫，2%感染锥虫。rangeli迄今为止，只实施了有限的病媒控制工作。加上最近广泛的森林锥蝽侵扰和频繁的干预后再侵染的报告，这些结果表明，估计有10万人生活在厄瓜多尔南部农村地区的高风险T。克氏感染因此，有必要在改善社会经济条件的同时，采取系统、持续和有监测的病媒控制干预措施。恰加斯病是拉丁美洲的一个主要健康问题。它的传染源，克氏锥虫，主要通过一种叫做锥虫的昆虫的粪便传播。虽然南美洲南锥体国家在减少传播方面取得了很大进展，但安第斯国家的进展有限，部分原因是缺乏知识，部分原因是控制工作的资源和技术能力有限。我们报告了在厄瓜多尔南部进行的第一次昆虫学调查，以了解锥蝽的分布，它们的栖息地和微栖息地的偏好，以及有利于它们存在的因素。研究结果表明，92个农村社区中9%的家庭拥有完善的锥蝽种群。安第斯南部地区的这些农村地区是该国最贫穷的地区之一;大多数人口生活在低于标准的住房中，条件有利于南美锥虫病媒介的存在。这些结果，加上最近报告的广泛锥蝽侵扰的野生动物巢穴在整个地区的森林地区和控制干预措施后，经常报告的再侵染，表明需要有效的，监测和持续的病媒控制，以减少感染的高风险，其中约100，000人生活在厄瓜多尔南部的农村地区暴露。
Chagas disease is endemic to the southern Andean region of Ecuador, an area with one of the highest poverty rates in the country. However, few studies have looked into the epidemiology, vectors and transmission risks in this region. In this study we describe the triatomine household infestation in Loja province, determine the rate of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in triatomines and study the risk factors associated with infestation. An entomological survey found four triatomine species (Rhodnius ecuadoriensis, Triatoma carrioni, Panstrongylus chinai, and P. rufotuberculatus) infesting domiciles in 68% of the 92 rural communities examined. Nine percent of domiciles were infested, and nymphs were observed in 80% of the infested domiciles. Triatomines were found in all ecological regions below 2,200 masl. We found R. ecuadoriensis (275 to 1948 masl) and T. carrioni (831 to 2242 masl) mostly in bedrooms within the domicile, and they were abundant in chicken coops near the domicile. Established colonies of P. chinai (175 to 2003 masl) and P. rufotuberculatus (404 to 1613 masl) also were found in the domicile. Triatomine infestation was associated with surrogate poverty indicators, such as poor sanitary infrastructure (lack of latrine/toilet [w = 0.95], sewage to environment [w = 1.0]). Vegetation type was a determinant of infestation [w = 1.0] and vector control program insecticide spraying was a protective factor [w = 1.0]. Of the 754 triatomines analyzed, 11% were infected with Trypanosoma cruzi and 2% were infected with T. rangeli. To date, only limited vector control efforts have been implemented. Together with recent reports of widespread sylvatic triatomine infestation and frequent post-intervention reinfestation, these results show that an estimated 100,000 people living in rural areas of southern Ecuador are at high risk for T. cruzi infection. Therefore, there is a need for a systematic, sustained, and monitored vector control intervention that is coupled with improvement of socio-economic conditions. Chagas disease is a major health problem in Latin America. Its infectious agent, Trypanosoma cruzi, is transmitted mainly by the feces of insects called triatomines. Although great progress has been made in reducing transmission in the countries in the southern cone of South America, limited progress has been made in the Andean countries, partly because of lack of knowledge and partly because of limited resources and technical capability of control efforts. We report the first entomological survey conducted in southern Ecuador to learn the distribution of triatomines, their habitat and microhabitat preferences, and factors that favor their presence. The results of the study show that 9% of households in 92 rural communities harbor well-established triatomine populations. These rural areas in the southern Andean region are among the poorest in the country; most of the population lives in sub-standard housing, under conditions that favor the presence of Chagas disease vectors. These results, combined with recent reports of widespread triatomine infestation of wild animal nests in sylvatic areas throughout the region and frequent reports of reinfestation after control intervention, indicate the need for effective, monitored, and sustained vector control to reduce the high risk of infection to which approximately 100,000 people living in rural areas of southern Ecuador are exposed.