‘Big D’ and ‘little d’: two types of twenty-first century development?
‘Big D’ and ‘little d’: two types of twenty-first century development?
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“大D”和“小d”：二十一世纪发展的两种类型？
作者：
D. Lewis
发展作为有目的的干预和发展作为结果的概念之间的混淆已经通过努力区分“有意的”和“无意识的”发展，以及区分“大D”发展作为西方二战后全球南方的现代化，和“小D”作为在不断发展的资本主义变革中创造赢家和输家。作为一种启发式的方法，这种区分在发展研究中被用于各种各样的用途，但很少受到进一步的审查。本文提出的问题是：（1）这种区分是否仍然连贯一致，还是有可能被过度延伸;（2）在不断变化的21世纪发展格局中，这种区分是否仍然相关。它首先追溯了这种区别的历史演变，然后介绍了孟加拉国服装业的探索性案例研究，以实证分析这两种发展之间的关系，确定了一些矛盾和模糊之处。它发现，虽然“D/D”的区别在一般水平上仍然有用，但现在需要进一步的概念化，随着西方援助的重要性下降，其相关性可能会减弱。
Abstract Confusion between the idea of development as purposeful intervention and development as outcome has been addressed by efforts to distinguish ‘intentional’ from ‘immanent’ development, and the distinction between ‘big D’ development as Western post- World War Two modernisation in the Global South, and ‘little d’ as the creation of winners and losers within unfolding capitalist change. As a heuristic device this distinction has been put to a variety of uses within development studies, but it has rarely been subjected to further scrutiny. This paper asks (1) whether the distinction remains coherent or risks being stretched too far, and (2) whether it remains relevant within the changing landscape of twenty-first century development. It first traces the historical evolution of the distinction, and then presents an exploratory case study of Bangladesh’s garment sector in order to analyse the relationship between the two kinds of development empirically, identifying a number of contradictions and ambiguities. It finds that while the ‘D/d’ distinction remains useful at a general level, further conceptualisation is now needed, and its relevance may fade as the significance of Western aid declines.