Atmospheric CH 4 and CO 2 enhancements and biomass burning emission ratios derived from satellite observations of the 2015 Indonesian fire plumes
Atmospheric CH 4 and CO 2 enhancements and biomass burning emission ratios derived from satellite observations of the 2015 Indonesian fire plumes
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根据 2015 年印度尼西亚火羽卫星观测得出的大气 CH 4 和 CO 2 增强以及生物质燃烧排放比
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发表时间：
2016
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
D. Murdiyarso
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
R. Parker;H. Boesch;M. Wooster;D. Moore;Alex J. Webb;D. Gaveau;D. Murdiyarso
抽象的。 2015年至2016年的强烈厄尔尼诺事件对印度尼西亚生物质燃烧量产生了巨大影响，厄尔尼诺现象引发的干旱进一步使本已比正常情况更干燥的景观变得干燥，这是几十年来泥炭地排水、大面积森林砍伐、人为驱动的森林退化和之前的大型火灾事件造成的。预计 2015 年至 2016 年印度尼西亚的火灾将向全球大气中排放大量温室气体 (GHG)，就像该地区之前由厄尔尼诺现象引发的火灾一样。植被和泥炭土燃烧释放的碳的形式对其大气化学和气候影响有很大影响。通常情况下，热带森林，特别是泥炭地的燃烧预计会比在草原等以精细燃料为主的环境中发生的具有更多火焰特征的火灾涉及更高比例的阴燃燃烧，因此每燃烧单位燃料会产生更多的甲烷（和二氧化碳）。然而，目前还没有飞机对印度尼西亚火羽进行采样，也很少进行地面实地调查（厄尔尼诺期间没有），因此与南部非洲或亚马逊地区等地相比，我们对这些极其重要的火羽的大规模化学成分的了解出奇地贫乏。在这里，我们首次利用温室气体观测卫星 (GOSAT) 对 2015 年厄尔尼诺引发的印度尼西亚火灾产生的大规模羽流中的 CH4 和 CO2 进行卫星观测，以探讨其化学成分。我们证明，由于火灾排放，印度尼西亚周围区域大气中这些物种的浓度发生了显着变化。使用来自哥白尼大气服务的二氧化碳和火灾辐射功率 (FRP) 数据，我们识别了受火灾影响的 GOSAT 探测，并表明火灾活动高峰之后，区域温室气体浓度随后大幅增加。由于泥炭地火灾中阴燃燃烧占主导地位，CH4 特别增强，CH4 总柱值通常比背景“清洁空气”探测值高出 35ppb。通过检查受火灾影响的 GOSAT 观测中的 CH4 和 CO2 过量浓度，我们确定了最极端燃烧的整个 2 个月期间（2015 年 9 月至 10 月）以及火灾活动暂时达到峰值的个别较短时期的 CH4 与 CO2 (CH4∕CO2) 火灾排放比率。我们证明，这段时间内印度尼西亚发生的火灾的总体 CH4 与 CO2 排放比 (ER) 为 6.2ppbppm−1。这高于亚马逊地区 (5.1ppbppm−1) 和南部非洲 (4.4ppbppm−1)，这与印度尼西亚火灾的特点一致，即由于涉及大量有机土壤（泥炭）燃烧，阴燃燃烧量增加。我们发现，从卫星获得的印度尼西亚 ER 范围 (6.18–13.6ppbppm−1) 与火灾事件最严重时在加里曼丹岛进行的一系列近源地面采样测量值 (7.53–19.67ppbppm−1) 相对接近，尽管通常从卫星获得的数量平均略低。这似乎是因为我们的现场采样大多与较小规模的泥炭燃烧羽流相交，而用于碳观测的 GOSAT 热和近红外传感器 - 傅立叶变换光谱仪 (TANSO-FTS) 足迹相交的大规模羽流很可能来自混合燃料中发生的燃烧，这些燃料包括泥炭、热带森林和已清理的森林区域，其特征是比天然雨林生物群落更容易着火的植被类型（例如，热带雨林）。蕨类植物和灌木丛的火灾后区域以及农业植被）。通过卫星数据确定大规模燃烧释放率的能力使得能够以地面研究无法实现的方式来表征和理解非常大的燃烧区域的燃烧行为，并且考虑使用飞机观测在后勤上可能会很困难且成本非常高。因此，我们相信这里演示的方法为表征生物质燃烧排放提供了进一步重要的工具，并且在厄尔尼诺事件期间首次为这些大规模印度尼西亚火羽导出的温室气体排放量表明，使用未来的卫星任务可以更常规地评估生物质燃烧排放量的时空变化。这些将比 GOSAT 进行更完整的空间采样，并使人们能够更好地了解这些火灾对区域大气化学和气候的影响。
Abstract. The 2015–2016 strong El Nino event has had a dramatic impact on the amount of Indonesian biomass burning, with the El Nino-driven drought further desiccating the already-drier-than-normal landscapes that are the result of decades of peatland draining, widespread deforestation, anthropogenically driven forest degradation and previous large fire events. It is expected that the 2015–2016 Indonesian fires will have emitted globally significant quantities of greenhouse gases (GHGs) to the atmosphere, as did previous El Nino-driven fires in the region. The form which the carbon released from the combustion of the vegetation and peat soils takes has a strong bearing on its atmospheric chemistry and climatological impacts. Typically, burning in tropical forests and especially in peatlands is expected to involve a much higher proportion of smouldering combustion than the more flaming-characterised fires that occur in fine-fuel-dominated environments such as grasslands, consequently producing significantly more CH4 (and CO) per unit of fuel burned. However, currently there have been no aircraft campaigns sampling Indonesian fire plumes, and very few ground-based field campaigns (none during El Nino), so our understanding of the large-scale chemical composition of these extremely significant fire plumes is surprisingly poor compared to, for example, those of southern Africa or the Amazon. Here, for the first time, we use satellite observations of CH4 and CO2 from the Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT) made in large-scale plumes from the 2015 El Nino-driven Indonesian fires to probe aspects of their chemical composition. We demonstrate significant modifications in the concentration of these species in the regional atmosphere around Indonesia, due to the fire emissions. Using CO and fire radiative power (FRP) data from the Copernicus Atmosphere Service, we identify fire-affected GOSAT soundings and show that peaks in fire activity are followed by subsequent large increases in regional greenhouse gas concentrations. CH4 is particularly enhanced, due to the dominance of smouldering combustion in peatland fires, with CH4 total column values typically exceeding 35 ppb above those of background “clean air” soundings. By examining the CH4 and CO2 excess concentrations in the fire-affected GOSAT observations, we determine the CH4 to CO2 (CH4 ∕ CO2) fire emission ratio for the entire 2-month period of the most extreme burning (September–October 2015), and also for individual shorter periods where the fire activity temporarily peaks. We demonstrate that the overall CH4 to CO2 emission ratio (ER) for fires occurring in Indonesia over this time is 6.2 ppb ppm−1. This is higher than that found over both the Amazon (5.1 ppb ppm−1) and southern Africa (4.4 ppb ppm−1), consistent with the Indonesian fires being characterised by an increased amount of smouldering combustion due to the large amount of organic soil (peat) burning involved. We find the range of our satellite-derived Indonesian ERs (6.18–13.6 ppb ppm−1) to be relatively closely matched to that of a series of close-to-source, ground-based sampling measurements made on Kalimantan at the height of the fire event (7.53–19.67 ppb ppm−1), although typically the satellite-derived quantities are slightly lower on average. This seems likely because our field sampling mostly intersected smaller-scale peat-burning plumes, whereas the large-scale plumes intersected by the GOSAT Thermal And Near infrared Sensor for carbon Observation – Fourier Transform Spectrometer (TANSO-FTS) footprints would very likely come from burning that was occurring in a mixture of fuels that included peat, tropical forest and already-cleared areas of forest characterised by more fire-prone vegetation types than the natural rainforest biome (e.g. post-fire areas of ferns and scrubland, along with agricultural vegetation). The ability to determine large-scale ERs from satellite data allows the combustion behaviour of very large regions of burning to be characterised and understood in a way not possible with ground-based studies, and which can be logistically difficult and very costly to consider using aircraft observations. We therefore believe the method demonstrated here provides a further important tool for characterising biomass burning emissions, and that the GHG ERs derived for the first time for these large-scale Indonesian fire plumes during an El Nino event point to more routinely assessing spatiotemporal variations in biomass burning ERs using future satellite missions. These will have more complete spatial sampling than GOSAT and will enable the contributions of these fires to the regional atmospheric chemistry and climate to be better understood.
影响因子：
6.3
作者：
Fraser, A.;Palmer, P. I.;Weiss, R. F.
通讯作者：
Weiss, R. F.
影响因子：
6.3
作者：
Liu, D.;Allan, J. D.;Zotter, P.
通讯作者：
Zotter, P.