Evolutionary trends and goal directedness.
Evolutionary trends and goal directedness.
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DOI：
10.1007/s11229-023-04164-9
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发表时间：
2023
期刊：
影响因子：
1.5
通讯作者：
McShea, Daniel W.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
McShea, Daniel W.
传统智慧宣称进化不是目标导向的，目的论的考虑在我们对进化趋势的理解中没有任何作用。在这里，我认为，与此相反，在目的论、场论的当前观点下，大多数进化趋势在某种程度上必须被认为是目标导向的。此外，这种观点与现代科学观，特别是与今天的进化论是一致的。场理论认为，目标定向性是由更高层次的场产生的，这些场指导包含在其中的实体持久和可塑性地行为，也就是说，在扰动之后将它们返回到目标导向的轨迹（持久性），并从大范围的可选起点将它们引导到目标导向的轨迹（可塑性）。细菌攀登化学食物梯度的行为是持久的和可塑的，由外部“食物场”，即化学梯度提供指导。同样，由自然选择产生的进化趋势是一个谱系，它在当地生态（一个“生态场”）的指导下，行为持久而具有可塑性。由选择产生的边界、热力学梯度和某些内部约束所引导的趋势也可以算作目标导向。换句话说，大多数已经提出的进化趋势的原因都暗示了目标导向。然而，在场论中，并非所有的趋势都是目标导向的。并对实例进行了讨论。重要的是，这种观点中没有任何东西表明进化是由意向性引导的，至少在动物的意向性层面上没有。最后，讨论了我们对生命史中进化方向性的思考可能产生的影响。
The conventional wisdom declares that evolution is not goal directed, that teleological considerations play no part in our understanding of evolutionary trends. Here I argue that, to the contrary, under a current view of teleology, field theory, most evolutionary trends would have to be considered goal directed to some degree. Further, this view is consistent with a modern scientific outlook, and more particularly with evolutionary theory today. Field theory argues that goal directedness is produced by higher-level fields that direct entities contained within them to behave persistently and plastically, that is, returning them to a goal-directed trajectory following perturbations (persistence) and directing them to a goal-directed trajectory from a large range of alternative starting points (plasticity). The behavior of a bacterium climbing a chemical food gradient is persistent and plastic, with guidance provided by the external “food field,” the chemical gradient. Likewise, an evolutionary trend that is produced by natural selection is a lineage behaving persistently and plastically under the direction of its local ecology, an “ecological field.” Trends directed by selection-generated boundaries, thermodynamic gradients, and certain internal constraints, would also count as goal directed. In other words, most of the causes of evolutionary trends that have been proposed imply goal directedness. However, under field theory, not all trends are goal directed. Examples are discussed. Importantly, nothing in this view suggests that evolution is guided by intentionality, at least none at the level of animal intentionality. Finally, possible implications for our thinking about evolutionary directionality in the history of life are discussed.
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