Children flexibly seek visual information to support signed and spoken language comprehension.
Children flexibly seek visual information to support signed and spoken language comprehension.
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DOI：
10.1037/xge0000702
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发表时间：
2020-06
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Frank MC
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
MacDonald K;Marchman VA;Fernald A;Frank MC
在基础语言理解过程中，尽管输入存在不确定性，听众仍必须将传入的语言信号与视觉世界联系起来。通过视觉固定收集的信息可以促进理解。但听众会灵活地寻求支持性的视觉信息吗？在这里，我们建议即使是幼儿也可以调整他们的目光并积极收集信息以实现语言理解的目标。我们提出了两项关于实时语言处理过程中眼球运动的研究，其中关注社交伙伴的价值在不同的环境中有所不同。首先，与学习英语口语的儿童 (n = 80) 相比，年轻的美国手语 (ASL) 学习者 (n = 30) 延迟目光从语言源上移开，并产生更高比例的与语言一致的眼球运动。这一结果提供了证据，证明 ASL 学习者调整他们的目光，以有效地在语言和所指对象之间分配注意力，这两者都通过视觉通道竞争处理。其次，说英语的学龄前儿童 (n = 39) 和成人 (n = 31) 在嘈杂的听觉环境中处理语言时，会更长时间地注视说话者的脸部。至关重要的是，就像实验 1 中的 ASL 学习者一样，这种延迟导致收集更多的视觉信息和更高比例的语言一致的目光转移。总的来说，这些研究表明，年轻的听众可以调整他们的目光，从社交伙伴那里寻找视觉信息，以支持实时语言理解。
During grounded language comprehension, listeners must link the incoming linguistic signal to the visual world despite uncertainty in the input. Information gathered through visual fixations can facilitate understanding. But do listeners flexibly seek supportive visual information? Here, we propose that even young children can adapt their gaze and actively gather information for the goal of language comprehension. We present 2 studies of eye movements during real-time language processing, where the value of fixating on a social partner varies across different contexts. First, compared with children learning spoken English (n = 80), young American Sign Language (ASL) learners (n = 30) delayed gaze shifts away from a language source and produced a higher proportion of language-consistent eye movements. This result provides evidence that ASL learners adapt their gaze to effectively divide attention between language and referents, which both compete for processing via the visual channel. Second, English-speaking preschoolers (n = 39) and adults (n = 31) fixated longer on a speaker’s face while processing language in a noisy auditory environment. Critically, like the ASL learners in Experiment 1, this delay resulted in gathering more visual information and a higher proportion of language-consistent gaze shifts. Taken together, these studies suggest that young listeners can adapt their gaze to seek visual information from social partners to support real-time language comprehension.
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