The effect of environmental diversification on species diversification in New Caledonian caddisflies (Insecta: Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae)
The effect of environmental diversification on species diversification in New Caledonian caddisflies (Insecta: Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae)
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1365-2699.2009.02263.x
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发表时间：
2010-05-01
影响因子：
3.9
通讯作者：
Johanson, Kjell A.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Espeland, Marianne;Johanson, Kjell A.
AimTo test whether environmental diversification played a role in the diversification of the New Caledonian Hydropsychinae caddisflies.LocationNew Caledonia，south-west Pacific.MethodsThe genetic of the New Caledonian Hydropsychinae caddisflies was hypothesized using parsimony and Bayesian methods on molecular characteristics.贝叶斯分析的基础上进行比较分析的相关性之间的共生和三个环境因素：地质基板（超基性，非超基性），海拔和降水。系统发育的分歧时间估计使用一个轻松的时钟方法，和环境因素被映射到一个谱系通过时间图，调查环境多样化的时间与物种辐射。降雨量和海拔之间的相关性进行了测试，使用独立的对比，和伽玛统计计算推断的多样化模式group.ResultsThe现存的Orthopsyche Caledopsyche物种的多样化开始于中晚渐新世，当新喀里多尼亚岛的大部分被覆盖的超基性岩底和山区形成是普遍的。大多数谱系起源于中新世中晚期，这是一个与长期气候振荡有关的时期。环境因子对该类群演化的影响表明，该类群在其演化历史的早期就适应了超基性岩底。主要生活在超基性基质上的分支比主要生活在非超基性基质上的分支物种丰富得多。海拔与降雨量呈显著正相关。血统通过时间图显示，主要的环境多样化之前的物种多样化。一个恒定的物种通过时间被拒绝，和负伽马表明，大多数的多样化发生在进化枝的历史早期。根据推测的亲缘关系，Orthopsyche McFarlane属与Caledopsyche Kimmins属是异名，Abacaria caledona Olah & Barnard也应该归入Caledopsyche.Main conclusions辐射年龄不支持新喀里多尼亚水心石蛾亚科石蛾的地理起源。环境多样性早于谱系多样性，因此环境异质性可能在群体的多样性中发挥作用，通过提供各种分散的栖息地，促进物种形成。负伽马值表明物种形成速率随着生态位开始填充而减慢。
AimTo test whether environmental diversification played a role in the diversification of the New Caledonian Hydropsychinae caddisflies.LocationNew Caledonia, south-west Pacific.MethodsThe phylogeny of the New Caledonian Hydropsychinae caddisflies was hypothesized using parsimony and Bayesian methods on molecular characters. The Bayesian analysis was the basis for a comparative analysis of the correlation between phylogeny and three environmental factors: geological substrate (ultrabasic, non-ultrabasic), elevation and precipitation. Phylogenetic divergence times were estimated using a relaxed clock method, and environmental factors were mapped onto a lineage-through-time plot to investigate the timing of environmental diversification in relation to species radiation. The correlation between rainfall and elevation was tested using independent contrasts, and the gamma statistic was calculated to infer the diversification pattern of the group.ResultsThe diversification of extant Orthopsyche-Caledopsyche species began in the Middle-Late Oligocene, when much of the island of New Caledonia was covered by ultrabasic substrate and mountain forming was prevalent. Most lineages originated in the Middle-Late Miocene, a period associated with long-term climate oscillation. Optimization of environmental factors on the phylogeny demonstrated that the New Caledonian Hydropsychinae group adapted to ultrabasic substrate early in its evolutionary history. The clade living mostly on ultrabasic substrate was far more species-rich than the clade living mostly on non-ultrabasic substrate. Elevation and rainfall were significantly correlated with each other. The lineage-through-time plot revealed that the main environmental diversification preceded species diversification. A constant speciation through time was rejected, and the negative gamma indicates that most of the diversification occurred early in the history of the clade. According to the inferred phylogeny, the genus Orthopsyche McFarlane is a synonym under Caledopsyche Kimmins, and Abacaria caledona Olah & Barnard should also be included in Caledopsyche.Main conclusionsThe age of the radiation does not support a vicariance origin of New Caledonian Hydropsychinae caddisflies. Environmental diversification pre-dates lineage diversification, and thus environmental heterogeneity potentially played a role in the diversification of the group, by providing a variety of fragmented habitats to disperse into, promoting speciation. The negative gamma indicates that the speciation rate slowed as niches started to fill.