The state of the art in monitoring and verification—Ten years on
The state of the art in monitoring and verification—Ten years on
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DOI：
10.1016/j.ijggc.2015.05.009
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发表时间：
2015-09
影响因子：
3.9
通讯作者：
C. Jenkins;A. Chadwick;S. Hovorka
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
C. Jenkins;A. Chadwick;S. Hovorka
自IPCC CCS特别报告发表以来的十年中，在监测和核查方面取得了相当大的进展。许多注入项目，从小型注入试点到更大的长期商业运营，都已成功地得到监管机构的满意监测，技术也已得到调整和实施，以证明遏制，一致性和无环境影响。在本次审查中，我们主要从满足利益攸关方这三项关键要求的能力角度来考虑监测和确认。从选定的项目的例子，我们展示了如何做到这一点，特别是反映在核查过程的性质。很明显，深度集中的监控将满足主要要求，以证明符合性和遏制性，并提供任何偏离预测存储行为的早期警告。过去十年的亮点是地震成像方面的进展，特别是近海地震成像，以及InSalah的干涉合成孔径雷达取得的显著成果。在许多地点测试了各种浅层监测技术，特别侧重于土壤气体和地下水的监测。在某些管辖区，需要对任何检测到的排放进行量化，以在泄漏到地表的情况下满足碳减排目标：然而，鉴于可预见的储存地点可能具有很高的安全性，我们建议浅层监测应主要侧重于确保不对环境造成影响。这反映了精心挑选和运作良好的储存场地的低风险状况，并认识到需要对具体、可衡量的风险进行监测。特别是，遵守规章可能有益地涉及更明确地阐明渗漏情景，这种具体性使人们能够以比目前更客观的方式证明“无渗漏”。我们还考虑了CO2-EOR的监测问题，并认为在提供保证EOR站点成功地封存CO2方面几乎没有技术问题;问题主要在于将现有的石油和天然气法规与新的温室气体政策联系起来。我们预计，总体而言，监测技术将继续受益于与石油和天然气业务的协同作用，但CCS独特的监管和认证环境可能会带来新的问题。总的来说，虽然技术改进、更明确的要求和更好地交流监测结果的余地很大，但我们重申，这是一个取得重大成就的十年，使监测和核查能够为更广泛的CCS事业服务。
In the ten years since publication of the IPCC Special Report on CCS, there has been considerable progress in monitoring and verification (M&V). Numerous injection projects, ranging from small injection pilots to much larger longer-term commercial operations, have been successfully monitored to the satisfaction of regulatory agencies, and technologies have been adapted and implemented to demonstrate containment, conformance, and no environmental impact. In this review we consider M&V chiefly from the perspective of its ability to satisfy stakeholders that these three key requirements are being met. From selected project examples, we show how this was done, and reflect particularly on the nature of the verification process. It is clear that deep-focussed monitoring will deliver the primary requirement to demonstrate conformance and containment and to provide early warning of any deviations from predicted storage behaviour. Progress in seismic imaging, especially offshore, and the remarkable results with InSAR from In Salah are highlights of the past decade. A wide range of shallow monitoring techniques has been tested at many sites, focussing especially on the monitoring of soil gas and groundwater. Quantification of any detected emissions would be required in some jurisdictions to satisfy carbon mitigation targets in the event of leakage to surface: however, given the likely high security of foreseeable storage sites, we suggest that shallow monitoring should focus mainly on assuring against environmental impacts. This reflects the low risk profile of well selected and well operated storage sites and recognizes the over-arching need for monitoring to be directed to specific, measureable risks. In particular, regulatory compliance might usefully involve clearer articulation of leakage scenarios, with this specificity making it possible to demonstrate “no leakage” in a more objective way than is currently the case. We also consider the monitoring issues for CO2-EOR, and argue that there are few technical problems in providing assurance that EOR sites are successfully sequestering CO2; the issues lie largely in linking existing oil and gas regulations to new greenhouse gas policy. We foresee that, overall, monitoring technologies will continue to benefit from synergies with oil and gas operations, but that the distinctive regulatory and certification environments for CCS may pose new questions. Overall, while there is clearly scope for technical improvements, more clearly posed requirements, and better communication of monitoring results, we reiterate that this has been a decade of significant achievement that leaves monitoring and verification well placed to serve the wider CCS enterprise.