Comparative Approaches in Vertebrate Cartilage Histogenesis and Regulation: Insights from Lampreys and Hagfishes
Comparative Approaches in Vertebrate Cartilage Histogenesis and Regulation: Insights from Lampreys and Hagfishes
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DOI：
10.3390/d13090435
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发表时间：
2021-09
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Zachary D. Root;C. Gould;Margaux Brewer;D. Jandzik;Daniel M. Medeiros
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作者：
Zachary D. Root;C. Gould;Margaux Brewer;D. Jandzik;Daniel M. Medeiros
有颚脊椎动物（有颚动物）是后口动物的主要分支，已有近3.5亿年的历史。相比之下，只有少数无颌脊椎动物的谱系保留了下来。由七鳃鳗和八目鳗（圆口目）组成，这些无颚的幸存者是理解脊椎动物进化的重要系统。圆口动物研究的一个焦点是头部骨骼的发育，因为它的进化是脊椎动物形态多样化的驱动力。最近的工作已经确定了无脊椎动物脊索动物文昌鱼的口腔纤毛中的透明样软骨，使得圆口动物对于理解脊椎动物软骨样组织的逐步获得至关重要。然而，我们对圆口动物骨骼发生的了解，由于操纵七鳃鳗和盲鳗胚胎的困难，一直落后于有颌动物。在这篇综述中，我们讨论和比较圆口动物和有颌动物骨骼组织的调控和组织发生。我们还调查了骨骼形态的差异，我们看到圆口类之间，因为很少有元素可以肯定地同源它们之间。一个反复出现的主题是骨骼形态的异质性之间的生活脊椎动物，尽管保守的遗传调控。基于这些比较，我们提出了一个模型，通过这些间充质结缔组织获得不同的组织学和软骨组织学的灵活性存在于现代脊椎动物的最后一个共同祖先。
Jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes) have been the dominant lineage of deuterostomes for nearly three hundred fifty million years. Only a few lineages of jawless vertebrates remain in comparison. Composed of lampreys and hagfishes (cyclostomes), these jawless survivors are important systems for understanding the evolution of vertebrates. One focus of cyclostome research has been head skeleton development, as its evolution has been a driver of vertebrate morphological diversification. Recent work has identified hyaline-like cartilage in the oral cirri of the invertebrate chordate amphioxus, making cyclostomes critical for understanding the stepwise acquisition of vertebrate chondroid tissues. Our knowledge of cyclostome skeletogenesis, however, has lagged behind gnathostomes due to the difficulty of manipulating lamprey and hagfish embryos. In this review, we discuss and compare the regulation and histogenesis of cyclostome and gnathostome skeletal tissues. We also survey differences in skeletal morphology that we see amongst cyclostomes, as few elements can be confidently homologized between them. A recurring theme is the heterogeneity of skeletal morphology amongst living vertebrates, despite conserved genetic regulation. Based on these comparisons, we suggest a model through which these mesenchymal connective tissues acquired distinct histologies and that histological flexibility in cartilage existed in the last common ancestor of modern vertebrates.