Transcriptome dynamics of blood-fed and starved poultry red mites, Dermanyssus gallinae
Transcriptome dynamics of blood-fed and starved poultry red mites, Dermanyssus gallinae
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DOI：
10.1016/j.parint.2020.102156
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发表时间：
2020-10-01
影响因子：
1.9
通讯作者：
Ohashi, Kazuhiko
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Fujisawa, Sotaro;Murata, Shiro;Ohashi, Kazuhiko
家禽红螨（Dermanyssus gallinae, PRMs）是包括鸡在内的禽类最有害的外寄生虫之一。目前，prm在各个国家和地区都有发现，特别是在欧洲国家，中国、伊朗、日本等亚洲国家和巴西[[1]，[2],[3]]。PRMs的大规模侵染对鸡造成各种有害影响，如贫血、肾功能减退、产蛋量和鸡蛋质量下降，有时导致死亡。此外，PRM可能是多种病原体的载体，如鸡痘病毒、禽流感病毒、鸡沙门菌和红喉丹毒[[4]，[5],[6],[7]]。据估计，2005年欧盟与生产损失和潜在的PRMs控制相关的年度经济负担为1.3亿欧元，日本为6685万欧元[9,10]。此外，还发现PRMs有时会侵袭哺乳动物物种，包括人类，引起瘙痒、皮肤病变和皮炎[11,12]。因此，害虫的入侵在公共卫生和兽医卫生领域都是一个严重的问题。目前针对PRMs的预防策略主要依赖于彻底清洁和使用杀螨剂，如有机磷、氨基甲酸酯和拟除虫菊酯。然而，由于prm是夜行动物，白天躲在笼子的裂缝里，它们可能会在杀螨剂治疗中存活下来。此外，有报道称出现了抗螨的PRMs[[14]，[15],[16]]，这表明迫切需要建立一种管理PRMs的替代控制方法。prm在其生命周期的后三个阶段，即原淋巴细胞、双淋巴细胞和成体淋巴细胞，都需要血液喂养。此外，雌性PRMs在其一生中反复以血液为食，以促进卵子发育，这引发了血液摄食可能改变PRMs生理机能的想法，包括它们的新陈代谢。重要的是，对于与PRMs有生物学关系的蜱虫来说，血液喂养已被证明能显著改变它们的基因表达模式。在蓖麻伊蚊的唾液腺和中肠中，喂血后基因表达模式发生了很大的变化。此外，在Ornithodoros erraticus和Haemaphysalis flava的中肠中，食血后与几种分子代谢过程相关的基因表达以及与细胞生长相关的基因表达显著上调，而基因转录和翻译受到抑制[19,20]。因此，比较分析血食和饥饿状态下的转录组对于进一步了解吸血寄生虫的生物学特性是必要的。在之前的一项研究中，研究人员通过RNA测序对PRMs进行了转录组分析，使用RNA样本的混合物，无论阶段，性别和喂养状态如何，揭示了一些代谢途径是高度活跃的。然而，血液喂养和饥饿的PRMs之间基因表达模式的差异尚未被阐明，尽管它很重要。
Poultry red mites (Dermanyssus gallinae, PRMs) are one of the most harmful ectoparasites of the avian species, including chickens. Currently, PRMs are found across various countries and regions, especially in European countries, Asian countries such as China, Iran, and Japan, and Brazil [[1],[2],[3]]. Mass infestation by PRMs causes various harmful effects in chickens, such as anemia, hyposthenia, reduction in egg production and egg quality, sometimes resulting in death. Furthermore, it has been suggested that the PRM may be a vector for several pathogens, such as the Avipox virus, the avian influenza virus, Salmonella Gallinarum, and Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae [[4],[5],[6],[7]]. The annual economic burden linked to production loss and associated with the potential control of PRMs was estimated to be€ 130 million in the EU in 2005 [8], and€ 66.85 million in Japan [9, 10]. In addition, it has also been found that PRMs sometimes infest mammalian species, including humans, causing pruritus, skin lesions, and dermatitis [11, 12]. Therefore, the invasion of PRMs is a serious issue in both the spheres of public health and veterinary hygiene. The current preventive strategies against PRMs mainly depend on the thorough cleaning and use of acaricides, such as organic phosphorus, carbamates, and pyrethroids. However, as PRMs are nocturnal and hide in the cracks of cages during the daytime [13], they may survive acaricide treatment. Moreover, the emergence of acaricide-resistant PRMs has been reported [[14],[15],[16]], indicating that the establishment of an alternative control method for the management PRMs is desperately required.PRMs require blood feeding for development in the latter three stages of their lifecycles, namely, protonymph, deutonymph, and adult [17]. In addition, female PRMs feed on blood repeatedly throughout their lives for egg development [13], evoking the idea that blood feeding may change PRMs' physiologies, including their metabolism. Importantly, for ticks, which are biologically related to PRMs, blood feeding has been shown to dramatically alter their gene expression patterns. In the salivary gland and the midgut of Ixodes ricinus, gene expression patterns were greatly changed after blood feeding [18]. Moreover, in the midgut of Ornithodoros erraticus and Haemaphysalis flava, the expression of genes associated with the metabolic processes of several molecules, as well as with cell growth, were significantly upregulated after blood feeding, while gene transcription and translation were suppressed [19, 20]. Thus, the comparative analysis of the transcriptomes of blood-fed and starved states is necessary to further understand the biological characteristics of hematophagous parasites. In a previous study, researchers have performed a transcriptome analysis of PRMs by RNA sequencing, using a mixture of RNA samples, regardless of stages, sexes, and feeding states, revealing that some metabolic pathways were highly active [21]. However, the difference in gene expression patterns between blood-fed and starved PRMs has yet to be elucidated, despite its importance.