Mental Schemas Hamper Memory Storage of Goal-Irrelevant Information
Mental Schemas Hamper Memory Storage of Goal-Irrelevant Information
复制标题
心理模式阻碍了与目标无关的信息的记忆存储
DOI：
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发表时间：
2015
影响因子：
2.9
通讯作者：
L. Talamini
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
C. C. Sweegers;G. A. Coleman;E. V. van Poppel;Roy Cox;L. Talamini
心理模式对信息处理施加自上而下的控制，例如，通过促进与模式相关的信息的存储。然而，由于神经网络处理的能力限制和竞争，图式还可能通过抑制低瞬时相关性的信息来发挥作用。特别是，当现有的模式足以指导目标导向的行为时，这实际上可能减少冗余感觉输入的编码，有利于提高任务执行的效率。本实验旨在验证图式诱发的浅层编码假说。我们的方法包括一个记忆任务，在这个任务中，面孔必须与家庭联系起来。对于一半的面孔，反应可以由预先习得的图式引导，而对于另一半的面孔，这种图式是不可用的。比较了图式一致和图式不一致项目的记忆容量。为了描述假定的图式效应，我们评估了每个项目的视觉细节和上下文方面的记忆。编码深度也通过客观的神经测量来评估：顶叶新旧ERP效应。这种ERP效应在刺激后500-800毫秒之间观察到，被认为反映了回忆的程度：从学习事件中提取生动的记忆，包括各种上下文细节。我们发现图式一致性在项目记忆和情境记忆中诱发了显著的损伤。此外，顶叶新旧ERP效应表明，模式不一致记忆的回忆量高于模式一致记忆的回忆量。综合研究结果表明，当目标可以使用现有的模式来实现时，这可能会阻碍对新输入的深度加工，从而损害感知细节和上下文丰富的记忆痕迹的形成。考虑到目前和以前的研究结果，我们认为图式可以积极和消极地影响感官输入的加工。在这个问题上，一个重要的决定因素可能与瞬间目标有关，例如心理图式促进目标相关输入的记忆加工，但抑制目标无关信息的加工。亮点-模式一致的信息受到浅编码的影响。图式一致性导致不良的项目和上下文记忆。-对于与图式一致的项目，顶叶新旧效应不那么明显。图式对记忆形成的影响因当前目标的不同而不同。
Mental schemas exert top-down control on information processing, for instance by facilitating the storage of schema-related information. However, given capacity-limits and competition in neural network processing, schemas may additionally exert their effects by suppressing information with low momentary relevance. In particular, when existing schemas suffice to guide goal-directed behavior, this may actually reduce encoding of the redundant sensory input, in favor of gaining efficiency in task performance. The present experiment set out to test this schema-induced shallow encoding hypothesis. Our approach involved a memory task in which faces had to be coupled to homes. For half of the faces the responses could be guided by a pre-learned schema, for the other half of the faces such a schema was not available. Memory storage was compared between schema-congruent and schema-incongruent items. To characterize putative schema effects, memory was assessed both with regard to visual details and contextual aspects of each item. The depth of encoding was also assessed through an objective neural measure: the parietal old/new ERP effect. This ERP effect, observed between 500–800 ms post-stimulus onset, is thought to reflect the extent of recollection: the retrieval of a vivid memory, including various contextual details from the learning episode. We found that schema-congruency induced substantial impairments in item memory and even larger ones in context memory. Furthermore, the parietal old/new ERP effect indicated higher recollection for the schema-incongruent than the schema-congruent memories. The combined findings indicate that, when goals can be achieved using existing schemas, this can hinder the in-depth processing of novel input, impairing the formation of perceptually detailed and contextually rich memory traces. Taking into account both current and previous findings, we suggest that schemas can both positively and negatively bias the processing of sensory input. An important determinant in this matter is likely related to momentary goals, such that mental schemas facilitate memory processing of goal-relevant input, but suppress processing of goal-irrelevant information. Highlights – Schema-congruent information suffers from shallow encoding. – Schema congruency induces poor item and context memory. – The parietal old/new effect is less pronounced for schema-congruent items. – Schemas exert different influences on memory formation depending on current goals.
影响因子：
3.7
作者：
Felleman, Daniel J.;Van Essen, David C.
通讯作者：
Van Essen, David C.