Direct and indirect effects of contextual factors, caregiver depression, and parenting on attachment security in preschoolers.
Direct and indirect effects of contextual factors, caregiver depression, and parenting on attachment security in preschoolers.
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情境因素、照顾者抑郁和养育方式对学龄前儿童依恋安全的直接和间接影响。
DOI：
10.1080/14616734.2013.750702
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发表时间：
2013
影响因子：
3.2
通讯作者：
Lavigne,JohnV
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hopkins,Joyce;Gouze,KarenR;Lavigne,JohnV
本研究的目的是建立一个多层次的幼儿依恋安全分析模型，并确定不同领域的因素(如压力和父母教养方式)在这一时期与依恋相关的过程(直接和间接)。本研究考察了压力、家庭冲突、照顾者抑郁症状和父母教养方式对4岁儿童依恋安全感的直接和间接影响。这项研究使用3盒任务来评估父母在学龄前阶段对敏感性至关重要的方面，将这种结构称为敏感性/脚手架。父母报告问卷被用来评估压力、冲突、照顾者抑郁症状、父母支持/参与以及父母敌意/强迫。直接观察法(3盒任务)用于评估敏感性/脚手架和依恋(依恋Q-排序)，基于2.5-3小时的家庭访问。结构方程建模结果表明，该模型具有较好的整体拟合度。在父母教养变量中，敏感性/脚手架对依恋的影响最大。抑郁症状既有直接影响，也有间接影响(通过父母教养方式)。压力和家庭冲突的影响是由照顾者抑郁症状和父母教养方式中介的。这些数据表明，适合发展的敏感性测量在学龄前儿童的依恋安全中起着重要作用。因此，旨在加强敏感性/脚手架的战略可以通过加强依恋安全来提高儿童的复原力。
The aim of this study was to develop a multiple-level-of-analysis model of preschool attachment security and to determine the processes (direct and indirect) whereby factors from different domains (e.g., stress and parenting) are related to attachment during this period. This study examined the direct and indirect effects of stress, family conflict, caregiver depression symptoms, and parenting on attachment security in a large (N= 796) and diverse sample of 4-year-olds. This study used the 3-Boxes Task to assess aspects of parenting critical to sensitivity in the preschool period, labeling this construct sensitivity/scaffolding. Parent-report questionnaires were used to assess stress, conflict, caregiver depressive symptoms, parent support/engagement, and parent hostility/coercion. Direct observation (3-Boxes Task) was used to assess sensitivity/scaffolding and attachment (Attachment Q-Sort) based on a 2½–3 hour home visit. Results of structural equation modeling indicated a good overall fit for the model. Among the parenting variables, sensitivity/scaffolding had the strongest effect on attachment. Depressive symptoms had both direct and indirect effects (mediated by parenting). The effects of stress and family conflict were mediated by caregiver depression symptoms and parenting. These data show that a developmentally appropriate measure of sensitivity plays a significant role in attachment security in preschoolers. Thus, strategies designed to enhance sensitivity/scaffolding may increase child resilience by enhancing attachment security.