Cardenolide Increase in Foxglove After 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazol Treatment Reveals a Potential Link Between Cardenolide and Phytosterol Biosynthesis.
Cardenolide Increase in Foxglove After 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazol Treatment Reveals a Potential Link Between Cardenolide and Phytosterol Biosynthesis.
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2,1,3-苯并噻二唑处理后毛地黄中的强心内酯增加揭示了强心内酯和植物甾醇生物合成之间的潜在联系。
DOI：
10.1093/pcp/pcac144
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发表时间：
2022
影响因子：
4.9
通讯作者：
Zhen Q. Wang
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Indu Raghavan;Baradwaj Ravi Gopal;Emily Carroll;Zhen Q. Wang
强心内酯是毛地黄中的甾体代谢产物，对动物具有强心作用。在植物中，强心内酯可能参与各种胁迫反应。然而，在应力过程中，Cardengland增加的分子机制大多是未知的。此外，cardenolides被认为来自胆固醇，但间接的结果表明，植物甾醇也可能是cardenolide生物合成的底物。在这里，我们表明，腰果酚增加后，茉莉酸甲酯（MJ），山梨醇，氯化钾（KCl），水杨酸类似物（BTH：2，1，3-苯并噻二唑）治疗。然而，三个已知的强心苷生物合成基因的表达与这些增加并没有很好的相关性。具体而言，孕酮-5 β-还原酶（P5βR和P5βR2）的表达与心内膜增生无关。3β-羟基类固醇脱氢酶（3βHSD）的表达仅在BTH治疗期间与心内膜水平的变化相关。挖掘D.羊毛脂转录组鉴定了参与胆固醇和植物甾醇生物合成的基因：C24甾醇侧链还原酶1（SSR 1）和C4甾醇甲基氧化酶1和3（SMO 1和SMO 3）。令人惊讶的是，所有三个基因的表达与BTH处理后的心血管增加密切相关。系统发育分析表明，SSR 1可能参与胆固醇和植物甾醇的生物合成。此外，SMO 1可能对植物甾醇生物合成具有特异性，而SMO 3对胆固醇生物合成具有特异性。这些结果表明，胁迫诱导的洋地黄中强心内酯的增加可能与胆固醇和植物甾醇的生物合成有关。综上所述，本研究表明，强心内酯在D.羊毛脂并揭示了植物甾醇和腰果内酯生物合成之间的潜在联系。
Cardenolides are steroidal metabolites in Digitalis lanata with potent cardioactive effects on animals. In plants, cardenolides are likely involved in various stress responses. However, the molecular mechanism of cardenolide increase during stresses is mostly unknown. Additionally, cardenolides are proposed to arise from cholesterol, but indirect results show that phytosterols may also be substrates for cardenolide biosynthesis. Here we show that cardenolides increased after methyl jasmonate (MJ), sorbitol, potassium chloride (KCl), and salicylic acid analog (BTH: 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole) treatments. However, the expression of three known genes for cardenolide biosynthesis did not correlate well with these increases. Specifically, the expression of progesterone-5β-reductases (P5βR and P5βR2) did not correlate with cardenolide increase. The expression of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3βHSD) correlated with changes in cardenolide levels only during the BTH treatment. Mining the D. lanata transcriptome identified genes involved in cholesterol and phytosterol biosynthesis: C24 sterol sidechain reductase 1 (SSR1) and C4 sterol methyl oxidase 1 and 3 (SMO1 and SMO3). Surprisingly, the expression of all three genes correlated well with the cardenolide increase after the BTH treatment. Phylogenetic analysis showed that SSR1 is likely involved in both cholesterol and phytosterol biosynthesis. In addition, SMO1 is likely specific to phytosterol biosynthesis, and SMO3 is specific to cholesterol biosynthesis. These results suggest that stress-induced increase of cardenolides in foxglove may correlate with cholesterol and phytosterol biosynthesis. In summary, this work shows that cardenolides are important for stress responses in D. lanata and reveals a potential link between phytosterol and cardenolide biosynthesis.