ISLAND EPIDEMICS
ISLAND EPIDEMICS
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DOI：
10.1038/scientificamerican0584-138
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发表时间：
1984-01-01
影响因子：
3
通讯作者：
HAGGETT, P
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
CLIFF, A;HAGGETT, P
自从 1835 年查尔斯·达尔文研究加拉帕戈斯群岛的雀类以来，人们就认识到海洋岛屿可以作为研究生物过程的大型实验室。达尔文完成他的工作后不久，人们就清楚地认识到，与拥挤的大陆相比，偏远的岛屿提供了更简单的研究地点，也可以为了解疾病的传播做出宝贵的贡献。 1840 年代末，丹麦医生彼得·帕努姆 (Peter Panum) 对 1846 年法罗群岛的麻疹疫情进行了研究，该研究已成为流行病学的经典著作之一，流行病学是一门研究人群疾病模式的学科。如今，病毒引起的疾病研究的大部分进展都是在人类建造的实验室中取得的。例如，哈佛医学院的约翰·F·恩德斯和托马斯·C·皮布尔斯于 1954 年在这样的实验室中分离出了引起麻疹的病毒。尽管如此，岛屿在阐明疾病在流行病条件下如何传播方面仍然发挥着重要作用。北大西洋冰岛岛就是岛屿实验室的一个例子。该岛共和国面积约4万平方英里，与肯塔基州大致相当。它位于北极圈以南，北纬 64 至 66 度之间。岛上人烟稀少。仅在最近几年，其人口就已达到20万。在航空旅行变得普遍之前，从流行病学意义上来说，它与欧洲许多人口中心是隔离的。最频繁的接触是与斯堪的纳维亚国家，特别是丹麦。由于严冬，岛上的居民甚至彼此隔绝。
Ever since Charles Darwin studied the finches of the Galapagos Is lands in 1835 it has been recog nized that oceanic islands can serve as large-scale laboratories for the investi gation of biological processes. Not long after Darwin did his work it became clear that remote islands, which offer a simpler site for study than the crowd ed continental mainland, can also make a valuable contribution to the under standing of the spread of disease. In the late 1840's Peter Panum, a Danish phy sician, made a study of the 1846 mea sles epidemic on the Faeroe Islands that has become one of the classic works of epidemiology, the discipline concerned with the patterns of disease in human populations. Today most advances in the study of diseases caused by viruses are made in laboratories constructed by man; for instance, the virus that causes measles was isolated in such a labora tory by John F. Enders and Thomas C. Peebles of the Harvard Medical School in 1954. Nevertheless, islands continue to play a significant role in the elucida tion of how diseases spread under epi demic conditions.An example of an island laboratory is the North Atlantic island of Iceland. The island republic has an area of about 40,000 square miles, roughly the same as that of Kentucky. It lies just south of the Arctic Circle, between 64 and 66 de grees north. The island is sparsely set tled; its population has reached 200,000 only in recent years. Until air travel became common it was in an epidemi ological sense isolated from many pop ulation centers in Europe. The most fre quent contacts were with the Scandina vian countries, Denmark in particular. As a result of the severe winters resi dents of the island were isolated even from one another.