"Help Yourself!" What Can Toddlers' Helping Failures Tell Us About the Development of Prosocial Behavior?
"Help Yourself!" What Can Toddlers' Helping Failures Tell Us About the Development of Prosocial Behavior?
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DOI：
10.1111/infa.12189
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发表时间：
2017-09-01
期刊：
影响因子：
2.6
通讯作者：
Brownell, Celia A.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Waugh, Whitney E.;Brownell, Celia A.
亲社会行为出现在生命的第二年，但这个时期的孩子通常不会分享、安慰或帮助。我们比较了在两项任务上提供帮助的幼儿（18、30 个月大）和那些没有提供帮助的幼儿（工具性帮助；同理心帮助）。超过一半的孩子未能帮助完成一项或两项任务。不提供帮助的人在工具性帮助任务上进行了更多的假设检验，但在共情性帮助任务上则更多地寻求安全感、警惕性和发挥作用。在各种任务中，那些倾向于从事与负面情绪唤起相关的无助行为的孩子也倾向于从父母那里寻求安慰。相比之下，倾向于玩耍而不是帮忙的孩子不太可能表现出消极的情绪唤起或假设检验，这表明他们关注自己的兴趣。与施助者的父母相比，18 个月大的非施助者执行工具性任务的父母较少参与幼儿的社交亲社会行为。在共情帮助任务中，18 个月大的非帮助者对自我他人的理解不如帮助者成熟。通过研究未能提供帮助的主要原因如何随年龄和任务的变化而变化，我们对亲社会行为早期发展所涉及的因素有了更全面的了解。
Prosocial behavior emerges in the second year of life, yet it is typical for children in this period not to share, comfort, or help. We compared toddlers (18, 30months) who helped with those who did not help on two tasks (instrumental helping; empathic helping). More than half of children failed to help on one or both tasks. Nonhelpers engaged in more hypothesis testing on the instrumental helping task, but more security-seeking, wariness, and playing on the empathic helping task. Across tasks, children who tended to engage in nonhelping behaviors associated with negative emotional arousal also tended to seek comfort from a parent. In contrast, children who tended to play instead of helping were less likely to exhibit negative emotional arousal or hypothesis testing, suggesting a focus on their own interests. Parents of 18-month-old nonhelpers on the instrumental task were less engaged in socializing prosocial behavior in their toddlers than were the parents of helpers. On the empathic helping task, 18-month-old nonhelpers had less mature self-other understanding than did helpers. By examining how the predominant reasons for failing to help vary with age and task, we gain a fuller perspective on the factors involved in the early development of prosocial behavior.