Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Imidacloprid in Eastern Hemlock in the Southern Appalachians
Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Imidacloprid in Eastern Hemlock in the Southern Appalachians
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DOI：
10.1603/ec09237
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发表时间：
2010-04-01
影响因子：
2.2
通讯作者：
Rhea, Rusty
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Dilling, Carla;Lambdin, Paris;Rhea, Rusty
铁杉球蚜Adelges tsugae Armand（半翅目：球蚜科）是一种外来入侵昆虫，它的入侵使加拿大铁杉Tsuga canadensis（L.）卡里埃，整个美国东部。内吸性吡虫啉是用于成功控制铁杉绵球蚜侵扰的主要化学品之一。这种内吸性杀虫剂目前在东部铁杉汁液的浓度水平进行了评估，从三个层次的树冠内超过两年的时间跨度。酶联免疫吸附试验进行了每三个月的治疗后，以评估液中的吡虫啉浓度。施用时机（秋季与春季）和施用方法（土壤淋水，土壤注射，和树注射）对整个冠层中的吡虫啉的易位的影响，并确定了东部铁杉分支和终端树枝和针叶组织的汁液中的吡虫啉易位的数量。浓度水平逐渐下降，从底层到顶层的树冠。这一趋势在所有化学处理的树木中是一致的。树注射提供了最低的浓度和最不均匀分布的吡虫啉在整个树冠。最高的杀虫剂浓度的树在所有层在两年期间始终与土壤灌入法，其次是土壤注射法。吡虫啉浓度在处理后第9个月和第12个月之间达到峰值，然后下降;然而，在处理后两年，土壤灌洗和土壤注射树木中含有的浓度报告为有效控制铁杉绵球蚜。
The hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae Armand (Hemiptera: Adelgidae), is an exotic insect species dramatically reducing populations of eastern hemlock, Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carriere, throughout the eastern United States. Systemic imidacloprid is one of the primary chemicals used to successfully control infestations of the hemlock woolly adelgid. The concentration levels for this systemic insecticide present in the sap of eastern hemlocks were evaluated from three strata within the canopy over a two year time span. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were conducted every three months posttreatment to assess imidacloprid concentration within the sap. The effect of application timing (fall versus spring) and application method (soil drench, soil injection, and tree injection) on the translocation of imidacloprid throughout the canopy, and the quantity of imidacloprid translocated in the sap of eastern hemlock branches and the terminal twig and needle tissue was determined. Concentration levels progressively declined from the bottom strata to the top strata of the canopy. This trend was consistent in all chemically treated trees. Tree injections provided the lowest concentration and the most nonuniform distribution of imidacloprid throughout the canopy. The highest insecticide concentrations within the tree across all strata over the two year period were consistently associated with the soil drench method followed by the soil injection method. Imidacloprid concentrations peaked between month 9 and 12 posttreatment, and then declined; however, at two years posttreatment, soil drench and soil injected trees contained concentrations reported as being effective for control of the hemlock woolly adelgid.