Evolutionary origin of human and primate malarias: evidence from the circumsporozoite protein gene.
Evolutionary origin of human and primate malarias: evidence from the circumsporozoite protein gene.
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人类和灵长类疟疾的进化起源：来自环子孢子蛋白基因的证据。
DOI：
10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040241
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发表时间：
1995
影响因子：
10.7
通讯作者：
Ayala,FJ
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Escalante,AA;Barrio,E;Ayala,FJ
我们分析了12种疟原虫环子孢子蛋白（CSP）基因编码的保守区域。恶性疟原虫是人类恶性疟疾的病原体，它在进化上最接近的亲戚是黑猩猩寄生虫赖氏疟原虫（P. reichenowi）。这与恶性疟原虫是一种古老的人类寄生虫的假设是一致的，因为原始人类与其最接近的原始人类亲属的分歧与人类有关。其他三种人类疟原虫物种在遗传上与寄生于非人灵长类动物的物种没有区别;也就是说，对于我们分析中包括的DNA序列，物种之间的差异并不大于人类物种之间的差异。人类三日疟原虫与巴西疟原虫无法区分，间日疟原虫与猿猴疟原虫无法区分;巴西疟原虫和猿猴疟原虫寄生于新世界猴。人类类间日疟原虫与旧大陆猕猴的寄生虫猿卵疟原虫难以区分。我们推测，三日疟原虫、间日疟原虫和类间日疟原虫是进化较晚的人类寄生虫，前两种至少是在过去几千年内获得的，也许是在过去几百年内，在欧洲殖民统治后南美洲人口扩张之后。我们估计CSP基因保守区的进化速率为每年每个位点2.46 × 10（-9）。因此，恶性疟原虫和赖氏疟原虫谱系之间的分歧可以追溯到890万年前。导致人类寄生虫的三个谱系之间的分歧是非常古老的，三日疟原虫和间日疟原虫（和间日疟原虫样）之间的分歧大约有1亿年的历史，恶性疟原虫和其他两种之间的分歧大约有1.65亿年的历史。
We have analyzed the conserved regions of the gene coding for the circumsporozoite protein (CSP) in 12 species of Plasmodium, the malaria parasite. The closest evolutionary relative of P. falciparum, the agent of malignant human malaria, is P. reichenowi, a chimpanzee parasite. This is consistent with the hypothesis that P. falciparum is an ancient human parasite, associated with humans since the divergence of the hominids from their closest hominoid relatives. Three other human Plasmodium species are each genetically indistinguishable from species parasitic to nonhuman primates; that is, for the DNA sequences included in our analysis, the differences between species are not greater than the differences between strains of the human species. The human P. malariae is indistinguishable from P. brasilianum, and P. vivax is indistinguishable from P. simium; P. brasilianum and P. simium are parasitic to New World monkeys. The human P. vivax-like is indistinguishable from P. simiovale, a parasite of Old World macaques. We conjecture that P. malariae, P. vivax, and P. vivax-like are evolutionarily recent human parasites, the first two at least acquired only within the last several thousand years, and perhaps within the last few hundred years, after the expansion of human populations in South America following the European colonizations. We estimate the rate of evolution of the conserved regions of the CSP gene as 2.46 x 10(-9) per site per year. The divergence between the P. falciparum and P. reichenowi lineages is accordingly dated 8.9 Myr ago. The divergence between the three lineages leading to the human parasites is very ancient, about 100 Myr old between P. malariae and P. vivax (and P. vivax-like) and about 165 Myr old between P. falciparum and the other two.