Land Use and Zoning in an Urban Economy
Land Use and Zoning in an Urban Economy
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发表时间：
1974
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通讯作者：
William J. Stull
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作者：
William J. Stull
分区法规在美国城市几乎是一个无处不在的现象。艾伦·曼维尔（Allen Manvel）在他提交给全国城市问题委员会（National Commission on Urban Problems）的报告第31页中估计，1967年，美国人口超过5000人的城镇中，90%都有某种分区法规。此外，52个最大的城市中有51个拥有这样的条例。尽管郊区排他性区划无处不在，尽管最近公众对郊区排他性区划的合法性存在争议，但关于这一制度的现代经济学文献却少得惊人。近年来有一些重要的贡献，特别是奥托·戴维斯、马丁·贝利、戴维斯和安德鲁·惠斯顿，以及约翰·克雷辛、戴维斯和罗伯特·杰克逊。然而，我认为，公平地说，经济学家对这个在我看来非常复杂的问题只触及了表面。特别是，在将分区或土地使用参数纳入经济学家习惯于处理的各种微观经济模型的任务方面，几乎没有取得进展。在这方面与另一种城市经济制度——房地产形成了鲜明的对比。本文的基本目标将是试图填补这一空白。第一部分介绍了一个包含制造业和住宅部门的城市空间经济的简单模型。在构建了这个模型之后，我将展示两个部门之间土地分配的变化如何影响地租的空间格局、城市劳动力规模和工资率。然后，本文的第二部分将专门讨论使土地总租金最大化的土地分配政策的适当性和影响。
Zoning statutes are a nearly ubiquitous phenomenon in urban America. Allen Manvel in his report to the National Commission on Urban Problems, p. 31, estimated that 90 percent of the cities and towns in the United States with a population of over 5,000 had some kind of zoning statute in 1967. In addition, 51 of the 52 largest cities possessed such ordinances.' In spite of this ubiquity, and in spite of the recent public controversy concerning the legality of suburban exclusionary zoning, the modern economics literature on the institution is amazingly sparse. There have been some significant contributions in recent years, notably those by Otto Davis, Martin Bailey, Davis and Andrew Whinston, and John Crecine, Davis, and Robert Jackson. However, I think it is fair to say that economists have barely scratched the surface of what seems to me to be a very complex subject. In particular, there has been very little progress made in the task of incorporating zoning or land use parameters into the kinds of micro-economic models that economists are accustomed to deal with. The contrast with another urban economic institution-the property taxis rather striking in this respect. The basic objective of this paper will be to attempt to fill this gap. The first section introduces a simple model of an urban space economy with a manufacturing and residential sector. Having constructed this model, I will show how a change in the allocation of land between the two sectors affects the spatial pattern of land rents, the size of the urban labor force, and the wage rate. The second section of the paper will then be devoted to a discussion of the appropriateness and implications of a land allocation policy which maximizes aggregate land rent.