Biorecycling of Precious Metals and Rare Earth Elements
Biorecycling of Precious Metals and Rare Earth Elements
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DOI：
10.5772/25653
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发表时间：
2011-12
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
K. Deplanche;A. Murray;C. Mennan;Scott Taylor;L. Macaskie
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
K. Deplanche;A. Murray;C. Mennan;Scott Taylor;L. Macaskie
六种铂族元素（PGEs），也称为铂族金属（PGMs），是铂、钯、铑、钌、铱和锇。这些金属与黄金和银一起被认为是“贵”金属，因为它们的需求量很大，但丰度相对较低。从原生矿石中提取和精炼它们需要复杂的处理（Bernardis等人，2005年）。相对于其他贵金属，铂族金属具有很高的技术重要性。这些元素因其抗腐蚀和抗氧化性、高熔点、导电性和催化活性而具有价值，具有广泛的工业应用（Xiao和Laplante，2004年）。主要用途是在化学，电气，电子，玻璃和汽车工业。例如，它们对多种底物的高催化活性导致它们用于许多工业合成工艺、石油炼制工业中的重整反应、制药工业中的加氢和脱氢反应以及有机和无机氧化反应（Bernardis等人，2005年，仅举几例。PGM的催化性质还通过实施汽车排放控制催化剂对环境产生积极影响（Whiteley & Murray，2003，Ek等人，2004，Zereini & Wiseman，2009）。南非目前是铂族金属的最大生产国，其次是俄罗斯和北美。2008年，南非供应了全球76%的铂、33%的钯和82%的铑。俄罗斯的钯供应量超过南非（51%），但其他两种金属的贡献要小得多。除2006年外，铂族金属的需求一直超过供应，导致该行业价格大幅上涨。2006年的差异被认为是由于与前几年相比，铂金在珠宝中的使用量明显减少（实际上是自1993年以来的最低使用量）。在过去的75年里，铂金的整体消费和使用急剧扩大。未来的需求（以及其价格）和用途是不可能预测的，但铂和钯的资源和潜在供应可以在一定程度上进行计算。Cawthorn的计算（Cawthorn，1999年）表明，铂和钯的探明储量和可能储量分别为2.04亿盎司和1.16亿盎司，推断资源量分别为9.39亿盎司和7.11亿盎司，深度可达2公里。这些数据分别代表了世界铂和钯资源的75%和50%。按目前的生产速度，Bushveld综合体的探明和控制储量足以满足未来40年的需求。
The six platinum group elements (PGEs), also known as the platinum group metals (PGMs) are platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium and osmium. These, together with gold and silver, are considered to be “precious” metals due to their high demand coupled with relatively low abundance. Complex processing is required for their extraction and refining from primary ores (Bernardis et al., 2005). Relative to the other precious metals PGMs have high technological importance. Valuable for their resistance to corrosion and oxidation, high melting points, electrical conductivity and catalytic activity, these elements have wide industrial applications (Xiao & Laplante, 2004). The major uses are found in the chemical, electrical, electronic, glass and automotive industries. For example their high catalytic activity for a wide range of substrates has resulted in their use in many industrial synthetic processes, reforming reactions in the petroleum refining industry, hydrogenation and dehydrogenation reactions in the pharmaceutical industry, and both organic and inorganic oxidation reactions (Bernardis et al., 2005) to name but a few. The catalytic properties of PGM are also having a positive impact on the environment through the implementation of automotive emission control catalysts (Whiteley & Murray, 2003, Ek et al., 2004, Zereini & Wiseman, 2009). South Africa is currently the largest producer of PGMs, followed by Russia and North America. In 2008 South Africa supplied 76% of the worlds platinum, 33% of its palladium and 82% of its rhodium. Russia supplied more palladium than South Africa (51%) but its contribution of the other two metals was much smaller. With the exception of 2006 demand for PGMs has constantly exceeded supply, resulting in large price increases within the industry. The disparity in 2006 is thought to have been caused by significantly lower platinum usage in jewellery compared with previous years (in fact the lowest usage since 1993). The last 75 years have seen the overall consumption and uses of platinum expand dramatically. Demand (and hence also its price) and uses are impossible to predict far into the future, but the resources and potential supply of platinum and palladium can be calculated with some degree of confidence. Cawthorn’s calculations (Cawthorn, 1999) indicate about 204 and 116 million ounces of proven and probable reserves of platinum and palladium, respectively, and 939 and 711 million ounces of inferred resources, down to a depth of 2 km. These figures represent about 75 and 50% of the world’s platinum and palladium resources, respectively. These figures for proven and probable reserves in the Bushveld Complex are sufficient for the next 40 years at current rate of production.