Divergence-with-Gene-Flow-What Humans and Other Mammals Got up to
Divergence-with-Gene-Flow-What Humans and Other Mammals Got up to
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DOI：
10.1007/978-3-319-16345-1_10
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发表时间：
2015-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Martin, Noland H.
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文献类型：
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作者：
Arnold, Michael L.;Brothers, Amanda N.;Martin, Noland H.
在这篇综述中，我们提出了这样的假设，即基因流分化，或者使用历史上有先例的术语，进化与杂交，并不是新达尔文主义建筑师所主张的例外，而是规则。特别是，我们将简要讨论从现代综合论中出现的物种定义和物种形成过程如何极大地限制了进化多样化的发生。反过来，这导致只有某些假设和研究方向被进化生物学家认为是合法的。然而，我们也会认为，一般来说，导致有关物种形成的定义和概念的假设，是由于缺乏而不是丰富的数据来验证假设。具体来说，这些不同的假设是异种分化和至少有一些遗传交换的分化。我们将指出安德森（渐渗杂交研究的建筑师）所做的观察，即要测试在分化/分化谱系之间的当代或古代基因流动，需要离散的标记。因此，直到出现了分析单个生物体的遗传构成的方法，才有可能严格地检验不同的分化模式。为了说明我们的假设和结论，我们将重点放在哺乳动物的血统上，包括我们自己的物种。这个重点反映了我们希望强调的是，不仅原核生物和植物，而且动物也反映了网状进化的过程。
In this review, we posit the hypothesis that divergence-with-gene-flow or, using the terminology that has historical precedence, evolution-with-hybridization is not the exception as argued by the neo-Darwinian architects, but rather the rule. In particular, we will discuss briefly how the definition of species and the process of speciation that emerged from the Modern Synthesis limited greatly how evolutionary diversification was perceived to occur. This, in turn, resulted in only certain hypotheses and research directions being deemed legitimate for evolutionary biologists. Yet, we will also argue that in general, the assumptions that resulted in the definitions and concepts surrounding speciation were made much stronger by a dearth, rather than a wealth, of the data needed to test hypotheses. Specifically, these alternative hypotheses were divergence in allopatry versus divergence with at least some genetic exchange. We will point to the observation made by Anderson-the architect of studies of introgressive hybridization-that to test for contemporaneous or ancient gene flow between diverging/divergent lineages requires discrete markers. Thus, not until the advent of methods for analyzing the genetic constitution of individual organisms was it possible to test rigorously the alternate modes of divergence. To illustrate our hypotheses and conclusions, we will focus on mammalian lineages, including our own species. This focus reflects our desire to emphasize that not only prokaryotes and plants, but animals as well, reflect the process of reticulate evolution.