Historical Aspects of the Chemical Bond. Chemical Relationality versus Physical Objectivity
Historical Aspects of the Chemical Bond. Chemical Relationality versus Physical Objectivity
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DOI：
10.1007/s00706-005-0309-8
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发表时间：
2005-05
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
R. W. Soukup
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
R. W. Soukup
化学家总是根据物质与其他物质反应时观察到的变化来定义物质的性质。然而，这种方法导致化学家的相关概念，如“亲和力”，“酸”和“氧化剂”，物理学家进行测量的对象，他们认为不变，确定其质量，电荷，偶极矩等，在18世纪中叶，耶稣会士约瑟普·鲁德尔·博什科维奇开始思考原子可能存在于晶体中的方式，引入了一个新的概念，根据这个概念，凝聚相中的原子代表吸引力和排斥力的精确中心。F.正是由于洛施米特，我们才第一次把键表示为相互贯穿的原子球。"量子化学"一词最早是由出生于布尔诺的物理学家阿瑟·埃里希哈斯使用的。然而，Hans Hellmann（1903 - 1938）才是量子化学的真正奠基人，他是第一个认识到导致化学键的量子物理效应的人，1938年在莫斯科被枪杀。在1960年代。吕登伯格和其他人把理论推进了一个阶段，由于局域电子对的概念，他们意识到化学家和物理学家对化学键现象所采取的不同方法在很大程度上是可以比较的。这使得有可能使不同的立场在很大程度上相互一致。
Chemists have always defined the properties of materials on the basis of the changes observed when they reacted with other substances. Whereas this approach led chemists to relational concepts such as “affinity”, “acid”, and “oxidant”, physicists made measurements of objects they considered unchanged, determining their mass, charge, dipole moment,etc. In the middle of the 18th century, the JesuitJosip Ruder Bošcovićstarted thinking about the way in which atoms might be present in crystals, introducing a new concept according to which atoms in condensed phases represented punctual centres of attracting and repelling forces.Josef Loschmidtbecame aware of these ideas through the philosopherJ. F. Herbart, and it is toLoschmidtthat we owe the first representation of bonds as atomic spheres penetrating one another. The term “quantum chemistry” was first used by the physicistArthur Erich Haas, who was born in Brno. However,Hans Hellmann(1903–1938) was the true founder of quantum chemistry.Hellmann, who was shot in Moscow in 1938, was the first person to realize the quantum-physical effect that leads to the chemical bond. In the 1960sK. Ruedenbergand others took theory a stage further when – thanks to the concept of the localized electron pair – they realized that the different approaches to the phenomenon of the chemical bond taken by chemists and physicists were largely comparable. This made it possible to bring the differing standpoints largely into line with one another.