Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Inventory of Natural Gas Extraction, Delivery and Electricity Production
Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Inventory of Natural Gas Extraction, Delivery and Electricity Production
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DOI：
10.2172/1515238
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发表时间：
2011-10
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Timothy J. Skone;James A Littlefield;J. Marriott
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Timothy J. Skone;James A Littlefield;J. Marriott
在过去的20年里，EPA一直积极尝试确定不同工业部门的甲烷排放源，甲烷排放对气候的影响以及如何表征已知工业过程的甲烷排放。美国环保署目前没有对甲烷进行监管，但要求工业界提交报告，以遵守其每年向联合国报告美国温室气体（GHG）排放总量的任务。此外，EPA正在迅速采取行动控制温室气体。作为这项工作的一部分，EPA正试图使用排放因子和其他可能的方法来表征天然气生命周期不同过程和阶段的排放。目前，大多数分歧是关于甲烷排放的程度及其对气候的影响。下面的大多数论文都涉及天然气生命周期中的泄漏程度。科学家和工程师主要采取两种方法。第一种方法是自下而上的天然气生命周期中的不同过程的建模，通常使用EPA，排放因子。然而，人们开始严重关切的是，自下而上方法中的数据是基于工程计算和/或近似测量的体积，而没有进行全面测量，以核实各种威尔斯井的排放量。因此，人们越来越关注自上而下的建模，这种建模采用汇总数据，如大气甲烷测量值，并使用模型来确定这些气体的来源。在许多情况下，自上而下的测量显示，天然气盆地附近的甲烷浓度比基于自下而上方法的官方估计高出几个数量级。
Over the past 20 years, EPA has been active in attempting to determine the source of methane emissions from different industry sectors, the impact of methane emissions to the climate and how to characterize methane emissions from known industrial processes. EPA does not currently regulate methane, but does require reporting from industry in order to comply with its mandate to report total US greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to the United Nations on a yearly basis. In addition, EPA is quickly moving to control GHGs. As part of this effort, EPA is attempting to characterize the emissions from different processes and stages of the natural gas lifecycle using emissions factors and possibly other methods. Currently most of the disagreement is about the extent of methane emissions and the impact this will have on the climate. Most of the papers below address the extent of leakage during the natural gas lifecycle. There are two main approaches that scientists and engineers take. The first approach is a bottom up modeling of the different processes in the natural gas lifecycle using, usually EPA, emissions factors. Significant concern has begun to arise, however, that the data in the bottom-up approach is based on engineering calculations and/or approximately measured volumes, and has not been comprehensively measured to verify emissions from a wide variety of wells. As such, there has been increasing attention paid to top-down modeling, which takes aggregated data, such as atmospheric methane measurements, and uses models to determine the sources of these gases. In many cases, the top-down measurements have revealed methane concentrations near gas basins that are several orders of magnitude higher than official estimates based on the bottom up approach.