Problematica old and new
Problematica old and new
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DOI：
10.1098/rstb.2007.2240
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发表时间：
2008-04-27
影响因子：
6.3
通讯作者：
Littlewood, D. Timothy J.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Jenner, Ronald A.;Littlewood, D. Timothy J.
有问题的类群无法进行稳健的系统发育定位。传统上，该术语仅限于化石形式，但很明显，无论是使用形态学标记还是分子（核苷酸、基因或基因组）标记进行系统发育重建，现存的分类单元可能同样难以定位。我们讨论后生动物中问题的种类和原因，以及它们的识别标准和可能的解决方案。 Problematica 的包容性集合的变化取决于可用（同源）数据的性质和质量、系统发育重建的方法以及通过其位置或位移推断的姊妹类群。我们在前分支系统发育学、数值形态分支学和分子系统发育学的背景下讨论Problematica，并重点关注Problematica的一般生物学和方法学含义，而不是对单个分类群进行回顾。我们并没有像人们通常所希望的那样将Problematica排除在系统发育重建之外，而是得出结论，Problematica的研究对于后生动物系统发育的解决和身体规划进化的正确推论都至关重要。
Problematica are taxa that defy robust phylogenetic placement. Traditionally the term was restricted to fossil forms, but it is clear that extant taxa may be just as difficult to place, whether using morphological or molecular (nucleotide, gene or genomic) markers for phylogeny reconstruction. We discuss the kinds and causes of Problematica within the Metazoa, as well as criteria for their recognition and possible solutions. The inclusive set of Problematica changes depending upon the nature and quality of (homologous) data available, the methods of phylogeny reconstruction and the sister taxa inferred by their placement or displacement. We address Problematica in the context of pre-cladistic phylogenetics, numerical morphological cladistics and molecular phylogenetics, and focus on general biological and methodological implications of Problematica, rather than presenting a review of individual taxa. Rather than excluding Problematica from phylogeny reconstruction, as has often been preferred, we conclude that the study of Problematica is crucial for both the resolution of metazoan phylogeny and the proper inference of body plan evolution.