Water access transformations: Metrics, infrastructure, and inequities.
Water access transformations: Metrics, infrastructure, and inequities.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.wasec.2019.100047
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发表时间：
2019-12-01
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Stevenson, Edward G J
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Stevenson, Edward G J
关于水不安全的学术研究继承了粮食不安全研究的一个重要见解：不安全往往发生在充足的情况下，因此，水不安全的特点是无法获得，而不是稀缺。然而，获得清洁、充足和可靠的水比获得食物更难系统化。水是流动的，千变万化的，只有当它被安全地储存时，人们才能假装拥有它。在本文中，我提出了一个案例，说明基础设施-水储存和运输系统-对水安全的中心作用。公平获得水资源往往取决于保护、过滤和分配水的技术;还取决于保护最弱势群体不受排斥的社会安排。我分析了埃塞俄比亚的两个水利基础设施项目，一个是保护村庄供水的项目，另一个是一个大型水电站大坝。保护村民用于家庭供水的泉水的项目产生了意想不到的影响，限制了那些可以向水委员会付费的人的用水。大坝利用水来发电和灌溉种植园，但剥夺了下游社区的农业用水。水基础设施可对水的获取产生深远的影响，无论是好是坏。它往往有助于确保一个群体获得水，而另一个群体则为此付出代价。
Scholarship on water insecurity has carried over an important insight from studies of food insecurity: Insecurity often occurs in the midst of plenty, and water insecurity is therefore better characterized by inaccessibility than by scarcity. Access to clean, adequate, and reliable water is, however, more challenging to systematize than access to food. Water is fluid and protean, and only when it is safely stored can people pretend to own it. In this paper, I make a case for the centrality of infrastructure - systems of water storage and transport - to water security. Equitable access to water often depends on technologies that protect, filter, and distribute water; it also depends on social arrangements that protect the least powerful from exclusion. I analyse two water infrastructure projects in Ethiopia, one a project to protect village water supplies and the other a large hydroelectric dam. The project to protect springs used by villagers for household water supply had the unintended effect of limiting access to those who could pay fees to a water committee. The dam harnessed water to produce electricity and supply irrigated plantations, but deprived downstream communities of water for farming. Water infrastructure can have far-reaching implications for water access, both for better and for worse. It is often instrumental in securing one group's access to water at the cost of another's.