Biocultural perspectives on stress in prehistoric, historical, and contemporary population research
Biocultural perspectives on stress in prehistoric, historical, and contemporary population research
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史前、历史和当代人口研究中压力的生物文化视角
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发表时间：
1988
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通讯作者：
G. Armelagos
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作者：
A. Goodman;R. B. Thomas;A. Swedlund;G. Armelagos
压力，一个解决破坏性事件对个人和人群的后果的概念，可以是一个有用的综合想法。压力过程与其姊妹的适应概念有许多相似之处。然而，在适应侧重于“适应”或积极结果的情况下，压力通过关注适应的成本和限制来纠正不平衡。
在这篇文章中，我们首先回顾了压力概念的跨学科根源。虽然大多数压力研究来自环境生理学的研究，但塞利耶的压力概念(包括增加儿茶酚胺和皮质类固醇的输出)迫使人们更多地关注感知和心理社会应激源。然而，所有传统在很大程度上忽略了对社会政治进程的关注，这些进程不容易适应，因此是造成压力的持久和普遍的原因。
生物人类学家对史前、历史和当代人口中的压力的研究，在描述压力过程的各个方面的能力方面，以互补的方式有所不同。史前学者的古病理学方法提供了一套应激反应的骨骼指标，历史学家的人口统计方法提供了详细的后果分析，而研究当代人口的人有可能使用各种各样的技术来检查压力过程的所有水平。为了更好地利用来自不同级别分析的信息，人们需要把重点放在衡量压力的指标上，例如婴儿死亡率，这些指标在所有级别都可以获得。如果通过压力等概念同时关注人类的适应和政治经济过程，生物人类学家在阐明人类状况方面具有独特的地位。
Stress, a concept addressing the consequences of disruptive events on individuals and populations, can be a useful integrative idea. The stress process has much in common with its sister concept of adaptation. However, where adaptation focuses on “adaptive” or positive consequences, stress redresses an imbalance by focusing on the costs and limits of adaptation.
In this paper we first review the interdisciplinary roots of the stress concept. While most stress research derives from research in environmental physiology, Selyean concepts of stress (involving increased catecholamine and corticosteroid output) have forced an expansion toward greater concern for perceptual and psychosocial stressors. What is largely missing from all traditions, however, is concern for sociopolitical processes which are not easily adapted to and consequently are persistent and pervasive causes of stress.
Studies of stress in prehistoric, historical, and contemporary populations by biological anthropologists vary, in a complementary way, as to ability to delineate aspects of the stress process. Whereas the paleopathological methods of the prehistorian provide a suite of skeletal indicators of stress response, and the demographic measures of the historian provide a detailed analysis of consequence, a wide variety of techniques for examining all levels of the stress process are potentially available to those studying contemporary populations. In order to better utilize information from different levels of analysis one needs to focus on measures of stress, such as infant mortality, which are accessible at all levels. Biological anthropologists are in a unique position to elucidate the human condition if, via concepts such as stress, attention is paid to both human adaptive and political economic processes.