Aging and Memory Improvement Through Semantic Clustering: The Role of List-Presentation Format
Aging and Memory Improvement Through Semantic Clustering: The Role of List-Presentation Format
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DOI：
10.1037/pag0000117
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发表时间：
2016-11-01
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Touron, Dayna R.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kuhlmann, Beatrice G.;Touron, Dayna R.
本研究探讨了研究列表的呈现格式如何影响年轻人和老年人的语义聚类。在 132 名年轻人（18-30 岁，M = 19.7）和 120 名老年人（60-84 岁，M = 69.5）中，自发聚类在年龄组之间或单个单词（连续呈现单个研究单词）和整个列表（在相同的总持续时间内一次呈现整个研究列表）呈现格式之间没有差异。然而，在使用语义聚类（第二个列表）的指示后，与年龄相关的回忆差异被放大，表明利用不足，并且两个年龄组在整个列表中比在单个单词格式中获得了更高的回忆。虽然整个列表的好处在不同年龄段之间具有可比性，但值得注意的是，老年人只能在对整个列表中的指令进行聚类后才能提高其平均回忆表现，而不能以单个单词的格式进行聚类。在这两种格式中，指令聚类都与处理资源（处理速度，特别是工作记忆容量）相关，特别是在老年人中。然而，自发聚类与处理资源无关，而是与关于语义聚类的功效和难度的元认知信念相关，这两者都表明任一年龄组都没有意识到整个列表呈现格式的好处。综上所述，研究结果表明，呈现格式对成人语义聚类的使用具有重要影响。分析进一步强调了基于输出和基于列表的聚类措施之间的重要差异。
The present study examined how the presentation format of the study list influences younger and older adults' semantic clustering. Spontaneous clustering did not differ between age groups or between an individual-words (presentation of individual study words in consecution) and a whole-list (presentation of the whole study list at once for the same total duration) presentation format in 132 younger (18-30 years, M = 19.7) and 120 older (60-84 years, M = 69.5) adults. However, after instructions to use semantic clustering (second list) age-related differences in recall magnified, indicating a utilization deficiency, and both age groups achieved higher recall in the whole-list than in the individual-words format. While this whole-list benefit was comparable across age groups, it is notable that older adults were only able to improve their average recall performance after clustering instructions in the whole-list but not in the individual-words format. In both formats, instructed clustering was correlated with processing resources (processing speed and, especially, working memory capacity), particularly in older adults. Spontaneous clustering, however, was not related to processing resources but to metacognitive beliefs about the efficacy and difficulty of semantic clustering, neither of which indicated awareness of the benefits of the whole-list presentation format in either age group. Taken together, the findings demonstrate that presentation format has a nontrivial influence on the utilization of semantic clustering in adults. The analyses further highlight important differences between output-based and list-based clustering measures.