The French Left and the Rif War, 1924-25: Racism and the Limits of Internationalism
The French Left and the Rif War, 1924-25: Racism and the Limits of Internationalism
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法国左翼和里夫战争，1924-25：种族主义和国际主义的局限性
DOI：
10.1177/002200949102600101
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发表时间：
1991
影响因子：
0.7
通讯作者：
D. Slavin
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
D. Slavin
1921 年 7 月，一支组织严密的里夫柏柏尔民兵在摩洛哥东北部的阿努尔村袭击了入侵的西班牙军队。出乎西班牙人意料的是，他们在一周内杀死了 8000 名西班牙士兵，对西班牙长达十年将摩洛哥北部变成西班牙殖民地的努力造成了沉重打击。在取得初步胜利后，里夫领导人阿卜杜·克里姆组织了一支正规军，招募了游击队辅助人员，建立了共和国，并多次击败了西班牙的非洲军团。到 1924 年秋天，里夫人已将西班牙人赶出了内陆地区，他们的独立伊斯兰国家变得如此强大，以至于威胁到了法国帝国在苏丹国和邻国阿尔及利亚的利益。法国以边境入侵和经济封锁作为回应。经过六个月的此类挑衅，里夫人被迫发动攻击，于是在 1925 年 4 月，这个拥有 75 万人口的小共和国发现自己与世界上占主导地位的陆地军事强国交战。然而在接下来的三个月里，里夫人仍然处于攻势，当阿卜杜勒克里姆的军队逼近非斯城门时，法国与西班牙结成了军事联盟。 9月，西班牙人在阿尔胡塞马斯湾的里夫海岸登陆数十万军队，并烧毁了阿卜杜勒克里姆的首都阿吉迪尔。当西班牙人向南推进时，一支规模更大的法国军队向北迎击他们，并将里夫河一分为二。里夫人与这支超过 50 万人的联合军队作战，直到 1926 年 5 月阿卜杜勒·克里姆投降。即使在他们的领导人投降后，一些里弗人仍然继续作为游击队进行战斗。西班牙人又花了两年时间才平息了剩余的抵抗力量。
In July 1921, a well-organized militia of Riffian Berbers attacked an invading Spanish army at the hamlet of Anual in north-eastern Morocco. Taking the Spaniards by surprise, they killed 8,000 Spanish soldiers in a week and dealt a stunning blow to Spain's decade-long effort to turn northern Morocco into a Spanish colony. After this initial victory, the Riffian leader Abd el-Krim organized a regular army, recruited guerrilla auxiliaries, founded a republic and repeatedly defeated Spain's Army of Africa. By the autumn of 1924, the Riffians had driven the Spanish from the interior and their independent Islamic state had grown so strong that it threatened French imperial interests in the Sultanate and neighbouring Algeria. France responded with border incursions and an economic blockade. After six months of such provocations, the Riffians were goaded into launching an attack, and thus in April 1925, the tiny republic, with a population of 750,000, found itself at war with the world's predominant land military power. Yet for the next three months, the Riffians remained on the offensive, and as Abd el-Krim's army approached the gates of Fez, France entered into a military alliance with Spain. In September, the Spanish landed several hundred thousand troops on the Riffian coast at Alhucemas Bay and burned Abd el-Krim's capital, Ajdir. As the Spanish pushed south, an even larger French force moved north to meet them and cut the Rif in two. The Riffians fought these combined armies of more than half a million men until May 1926, when Abd el-Krim surrendered. Even after their leader's capitulation, some Riffians continued to fight as guerrillas. It took two more years for the Spanish to subdue the remaining pockets of resistance.