The effects of nicotine on the attentional modification of the acoustic startle response in nonsmokers
The effects of nicotine on the attentional modification of the acoustic startle response in nonsmokers
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DOI：
10.1007/s00213-008-1094-y
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发表时间：
2008-05-01
影响因子：
3.4
通讯作者：
Hawk, Larry W., Jr.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Baschnagel, Joseph S.;Hawk, Larry W., Jr.
关于尼古丁和注意力的研究主要利用剥夺吸烟者的样本和需要意志反应的任务，提出了尼古丁是否改善注意力或简单地抑制戒断或提高运动速度的问题。本研究使用的惊吓眨眼反射，以评估尼古丁对听觉attention in nonsmokers.Materials and Methods的影响67健康的年轻成年人非吸烟者完成了音调辨别任务。在三分之二的音调开始后和试验间隔期间，分别在60、120、240或4,500 ms进行声学惊吓探头。注意力通过以下方式进行评估：（1）惊吓的短导联前脉冲抑制（PPI），一种早期过滤的测量方法;（2）惊吓的长导联前脉冲易化（PPF），一种持续处理的测量方法;（3）注意力集中对PPI和PPF的修正。参与者完成了两次实验室会议，一次是佩戴7毫克透皮尼古丁贴片，一次是佩戴安慰剂贴片。结果尼古丁增加了总体PPI，eta（2）（p）= 0.09。注意力增加长导联PPF，eta（2）（p）= 0.25，但不增加短导联PPI。尼古丁并没有可靠地提高早期或晚期控制注意力处理的样本整体。然而，相关性分析表明，尼古丁最改善的注意力修正短铅PPI的参与者之间的最弱的早期注意力处理安慰剂conditions.Conclusions尼古丁增强早期注意力过滤一般，尼古丁对早期集中注意力的影响依赖于个体差异的注意力处理安慰剂水平。目前的数据表明，尼古丁对注意力的影响不仅仅是缓解戒断和简单的运动加速。
Rationale and objective Research on nicotine and attention has mainly utilized samples of deprived smokers and tasks requiring volitional responses, raising the question of whether nicotine improves attention or simply alleviates withdrawal or improves motor speed. This study used the startle eyeblink reflex to assess nicotine effects on auditory attention in nonsmokers.Materials and methods Sixty-seven healthy young adult nonsmokers completed a tone discrimination task. Acoustic startle probes were presented 60, 120, 240, or 4,500 ms after the onset of two-thirds of the tones and during intertrial intervals. Attention was assessed via (1) short-lead prepulse inhibition (PPI) of startle, a measure of early filtering; (2) long-lead prepulse facilitation (PPF) of startle, a measure of sustained processing; and (3) the modification of PPI and PPF by focused attention. Participants completed two laboratory sessions, once while wearing a 7-mg transdermal nicotine patch and once while wearing a placebo patch. Patches were administered in a double-blind procedure.Results Nicotine increased overall PPI, eta(2)(p) = 0.09. Attention increased long-lead PPF, eta(2)(p) = 0.25, but not short-lead PPI. Nicotine did not reliably enhance early or late controlled attentional processing in the sample overall. However, correlational analyses demonstrated that nicotine most improved attentional modification of short-lead PPI among participants with the weakest early attentional processing under placebo conditions.Conclusions Nicotine enhanced early attentional filtering in general, and the effects of nicotine on early focused attention were dependent upon individual differences in placebo levels of attentional processing. The present data suggest that the effects of nicotine on attention extend beyond the alleviation of withdrawal and simple motor speeding.