Epitypification and neotypification: guidelines with appropriate and inappropriate examples
Epitypification and neotypification: guidelines with appropriate and inappropriate examples
复制标题
DOI：
10.1007/s13225-014-0315-4
复制
发表时间：
2014-11-01
期刊：
影响因子：
20.3
通讯作者：
Xu, Jian-Chu
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Ariyawansa, Hiran A.;Hawksworth, David L.;Xu, Jian-Chu
对与形态学研究一起进行的系统发育研究的回顾表明，大多数早期研究的一个主要问题是，它们集中于技术和使用的材料或真菌菌株，在大多数情况下没有仔细参考，并且在许多情况下被错误命名。大多数经典物种，特别是微真菌，没有足够的类型材料或其他权威鉴定的培养物或标本来代表，这些材料可以作为系统发育研究或开发强大的鉴定系统的 DNA 来源。因此，真菌的自然分类在系统发育树中缺乏参考菌株。在某些情况下，表型化和新型化可以解决这个问题，并且这些工具越来越多地用于解决分类学混乱并稳定对真菌种、属、科或目的理解。本手稿讨论了表型化和新典型化，描述了如何对物种进行表型化或新典型化，并探讨了这一过程的重要性。提出了一套表型化指南。介绍了类群已被表型化的例子，并讨论了表型化的好处和问题。作为表型化的例子，或者为了提供参考标本，为 Paraphaeosphaeria michotii 指定了新表型，并为 Astrosphaeriella stellata、A. Bakeriana、Phaeosphaeria elongata、Ophiobolus cirsii 和 O. erythrosporus 提供了参考标本。通过这种方式，我们展示了如何对类群进行表型化及其重要性，并且还说明了在不建议进行表型化的情况下提出参考标本的价值。尽管我们提供了表型化的指南，但是否进行表型化的决定取决于作者，他应该对相关真菌有经验。这种责任应该被认真对待，因为一旦进行了后来的典型化，就不可能撤销它，特别是在表型的情况下，而不使用冗长而乏味的正式保存和拒绝过程。
A review of phylogenetic studies carried out together with morphological ones shows that a major problem with most early studies is that they concentrated on techniques and used material or strains of fungi that in most cases were not carefully reference, and in a worrying number of cases wrongly named. Most classical species, particularly of microfungi, are not represented by adequate type material, or other authoritatively identified cultures or specimens, that can serve as DNA sources for phylogenetic study, or for developing robust identification systems. Natural classifications of fungi therefore suffer from the lack of reference strains in resultant phylogenetic trees. In some cases, epitypification and neotypification can solve this problem and these tools are increasingly used to resolve taxonomic confusion and stabilize the understanding of species, genera, families, or orders of fungi. This manuscript discusses epitypification and neotypification, describes how to epitypify or neotypify species and examines the importance of this process. A set of guidelines for epitypification is presented. Examples where taxa have been epitypified are presented and the benefits and problems of epitypification are discussed. As examples of epitypification, or to provide reference specimens, a new epitype is designated for Paraphaeosphaeria michotii and reference specimens are provided for Astrosphaeriella stellata, A. bakeriana, Phaeosphaeria elongata, Ophiobolus cirsii, and O. erythrosporus. In this way we demonstrate how to epitypify taxa and its importance, and also illustrate the value of proposing reference specimens if epitypification is not advisable. Although we provided guidelines for epitypification, the decision to epitypify or not lies with the author, who should have experience of the fungus concerned. This responsibility is to be taken seriously, as once a later typification is made, it may not be possible to undo that, particularly in the case of epitypes, without using the lengthy and tedious formal conservation and rejection processes.