Human Water and Electrolyte Balance
Human Water and Electrolyte Balance
复制标题
人体水和电解质平衡
DOI：
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发表时间：
2012
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
M. Sawka
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
R. Kenefick;S. Cheuvront;S. Montain;R. Carter;M. Sawka
摘要：只要有充足的食物和液体，人类就具有调节日常体内水分和电解质平衡的能力。然而，运动和环境压力的施加会挑战这种能力。大多数涉及体育锻炼的情况需要汗水的形成和蒸发作为人体散热的主要手段。汗液流失，如果不加以补充，会减少体内的水量和电解质含量。过多的身体水分或电解质损失会破坏生理稳态，威胁健康和表现。人们经常在体力活动或暴露于炎热天气时脱水，因为无法获得液体或口渴与体内水分损失不匹配。在这些情况下，这个人开始工作时身体水分正常，并在很长一段时间内脱水。这种情况在大多数运动和职业环境中很常见，然而，在某些情况下，人们可能会在身体缺水的情况下开始锻炼。例如，在一些运动中（如拳击、力量举重、摔跤），运动员在参加较低体重级别的比赛时经常脱水。此外，服用利尿剂的人在开始运动前可能会脱水。如果氯化钠不足，那么细胞外液容量将收缩并导致“盐耗竭脱水”。氯化钠缺乏通常是由于出汗时钠的流失和过量的水分消耗造成的，但钠缺乏也可以在没有过量水分摄入的情况下发生，因为出汗时钠的大量流失。这两种情况都会导致钠稀释，通常称为低钠血症或“水中毒”。本章综述了人体水电解质平衡的生理、需要和评估。水和电解质失衡对体温调节和运动表现的影响程度也被考虑在内。
Abstract : Humans demonstrate a remarkable ability to regulate daily body water and electrolyte balance so long as food and fluid are readily available. The imposition of exercise and environmental stress can, however, challenge this ability. Most circumstances involving physical exercise require the formation and vaporization of sweat as the principle means of heat removal in man. Sweat losses, if not replaced, reduce body water volume and electrolyte content. Excessive body water or electrolyte losses can disrupt physiological homeostasis and threaten both health and performance. Persons often dehydrate during physical activity or exposure to hot weather because of fluid non-availability or a mismatch between thirst and body water losses. In these instances, the person begins the task with normal total body water and dehydrates over a prolonged period. This scenario is common for most athletic and occupational settings, however, in some situations the person might begin exercise with a body water deficit. For example, in several sports (e.g., boxing, power lifting, wrestling) athletes frequently dehydrate to compete in lower weight classes. Also, persons medicated with diuretics may be dehydrated prior to initiating exercise. If sodium chloride deficits occur then the extracellular fluid volume will contract and cause "salt depletion dehydration." A sodium chloride deficit usually occurs due to sweat sodium losses combined with excessive water consumption, but a sodium deficit can also occur without excessive water intake owing to high sweat sodium losses. Both of these scenarios produce sodium dilution more commonly known as hyponatremia or "water intoxication". This chapter reviews the physiology, needs, and assessment of human water and electrolyte balance. The extent to which water and electrolyte imbalances affect temperature regulation and exercise performance are also considered.
对正在进行高渗脱水的大学摔跤手进行水合测试。
影响因子：
4.1
作者：
Bartok,Cynthia;Schoeller,DaleA;Sullivan,JudeC;Clark,RRandall;Landry,GregoryL
通讯作者：
Landry,GregoryL