Local and landscape factors in differently managed arable fields affect the insect herbivore community of a non-crop plant species
Local and landscape factors in differently managed arable fields affect the insect herbivore community of a non-crop plant species
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1365-2664.2006.01239.x
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发表时间：
2007-02-01
影响因子：
5.7
通讯作者：
Tscharntke, Teja
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Clough, Yann;Kruess, Andreas;Tscharntke, Teja
1.简化生态系统的扩张，如集中管理的一年生作物，在推动全球生物多样性危机方面发挥了重要作用。田间规模的多样化，例如让杂草在作物中生长，是恢复农业生态系统多样性的一种方法。然而，人们对当地和更大空间尺度上耕地内非作物昆虫群落的决定因素知之甚少，这是将植物多样性效益外推到更高营养水平的重要组成部分。我们调查了如何多样化的农业生态系统在现场和景观水平影响昆虫群落的匍匐蓟。在德国三个地区的48个成对的有机（多样性，杂草未被除草剂控制）和常规（简化，杂草密度和物种丰富度非常低）麦田中建立了寄主植物的人工样地，这些麦田的景观异质性梯度从简单的阿拉伯为主到异质的多样性.直接监测食叶草食动物，而钻茎的草食动物和它们的寄生虫通过解剖蓟的茎来量化。土地利用类型和自然发生的蓟林被映射在半径为1公里的每个蓟地块周围。草食动物物种丰富度的有机农业和景观异质性，但不是由更高密度的蓟景观。对于大多数物种，在有机领域的寄主植物地块更容易被殖民化比那些在传统领域。有机田多样性的增强可能是寄主植物小蓟自然覆盖率略高的结果。合成与应用。景观多样化（减少可耕地作物，增加多年生生境）和通过有机管理扩展是提高杂草节肢动物多样性的有效措施。实地规模的农业环境计划对生物多样性的影响应辅之以小规模的多样化方案，包括最低水平的常年生境覆盖。有机农业的生物多样性效益在很大程度上依赖于非作物植物。杂草种群应该被允许与作物共存，以保持这些好处，这是受到更密集的“有机”管理，如重型机械杂草控制的威胁。
1. The expansion of simplified ecosystems such as intensively managed annual crops plays a big part in driving the global biodiversity crisis. Field-scale diversification, for example leaving weeds to grow in crops, is one way in which diversity in agro-ecosystems can be restored. However, little is known about the determinants of the non-crop plant-based insect communities within arable fields at local and larger spatial scales, an essential component in extrapolating plant diversity benefits to higher trophic levels.2. We investigated how diversification of agro-ecosystems at the field and landscape levels affects the insect community of the creeping thistle Cirsium arvense. Artificial plots of the host-plant were established in three regions of Germany in 48 paired organic (diverse, weeds not controlled with herbicides) and conventional (simplified, very low weed density and species richness) wheat fields across a gradient of landscape heterogeneity, from simple arable-dominated to heterogeneous, diverse landscapes.3. Leaf-feeding herbivores were monitored directly, while stem-boring herbivores and their parasitoids were quantified by dissecting the stems of the thistles. Land-use types and naturally occurring thistle stands were mapped within a radius of 1 km around each thistle plot.4. Herbivore species richness was enhanced by both organic farming and landscape heterogeneity but not by higher densities of thistles in the landscape. For most of the species, host-plant plots in organic fields were more likely to be colonized than those in the conventional fields. The enhancement of diversity in organic fields is probably the result of a slightly higher natural cover of the host-plant Cirsium arvense.5. Synthesis and applications. Both diversification of landscape (fewer arable crops, more perennial habitats) and extensification through organic management are effective measures of enhancing arthropod diversity on weeds. The impact of field-scale agri-environment schemes on biodiversity should be supplemented by including landscape-scale diversification programmes to include a minimum level of perennial habitat cover. Biodiversity benefits of organic agriculture rely for a large part on non-crop plants. Weed populations should be allowed to coexist with the crop to maintain these benefits, which are threatened by more intensive 'organic' management, such as heavy mechanical weed control.