Artificial habitats and the restoration of degraded marine ecosystems and fisheries
Artificial habitats and the restoration of degraded marine ecosystems and fisheries
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DOI：
10.1007/s10750-006-0457-9
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发表时间：
2007-04
期刊：
影响因子：
2.6
通讯作者：
W. Seaman
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
W. Seaman
海洋生态系统中的人工栖息地有限地用于恢复退化的自然栖息地和渔业，更广泛地用于更广泛的目的，包括生物保护和增强以及社会和经济发展。被归类为人工鱼礁的人造栖息地的目标包括： 水产养殖/海洋牧场；促进生物多样性；减轻环境破坏；加强休闲水肺潜水；生态旅游发展；扩大休闲钓鱼；手工和商业渔业生产；保护底栖栖息地免遭非法拖网捕捞；和研究。结构通常是根据预期的物理影响或单个物种的生活史要求来制造的。例如，作为日本国家渔业计划的一部分，部署了许多世界上最大的珊瑚礁，其中大型钢和混凝土框架经过精心设计，可以承受强劲的洋流。此外，根据海豚和鲈鱼对庇护所的不同生态需求，韩国箱礁的设计成为提高海洋牧场生产力的一种手段。这些和其他结构对渔业捕捞的影响是积极的。但必须谨慎行事，避免仅仅将珊瑚礁用作捕鱼工具来大量捕捞对其吸引的物种。不存在人工栖息地的全球数据库。任何生态恢复工作面临的挑战是确定系统恢复的条件，甚至可能是历史基线；换句话说，要回答这个问题：“恢复什么？”讨论了香港（渔业）、太平洋（海藻床）、切萨皮克湾（牡蛎）和大西洋（珊瑚礁）水生生态系统恢复的例子。指出并比较了这四种情况考虑或接近基线的程度（例如，在一个项目中建议每 100 平方米种植 4 座植物）。绩效衡量是恢复规划的关键因素。这些情况也被考虑到其进行的生态系统和渔业环境。所有这些都使用生态数据作为恢复结构物理设计的基础。指出了实验、试点和建模实践的使用。通过回顾生态系统退化的主要因素，例如全球 70% 具有商业价值的鱼类面临的高压力，为海洋恢复这一新兴领域提供了背景。栖息地破坏的例子包括墨西哥湾大面积的缺氧/缺氧区以及北海的营养物和污染物负担。总结了生态恢复的原则，从规划到评估。促进生态恢复的替代方法包括土地利用和生态系统管理以及确定人口、消费和污染水平。
Artificial habitats in marine ecosystems are employed on a limited basis to restore degraded natural habitats and fisheries, and more extensively for a broader variety of purposes including biological conservation and enhancement as well as social and economic development. Included in the aims of human-made habitats classified as artificial reefs are: Aquaculture/marine ranching; promotion of biodiversity; mitigation of environmental damage; enhancement of recreational scuba diving; eco-tourism development; expansion of recreational fishing; artisanal and commercial fisheries production; protection of benthic habitats against illegal trawling; and research. Structures often are fabricated according to anticipated physical influences or life history requirements of individual species. For example, many of the world’s largest reefs have been deployed as part of a national fisheries program in Japan, where large steel and concrete frameworks have been carefully designed to withstand strong ocean currents. In addition, the differing ecological needs of porgy and sea bass for shelter guided the design of the Box Reef in Korea as a device to enhance productivity of marine ranching. The effect of these and other structures on fisheries catch is positive. But caution must be exercised to avoid using reefs simply as fishing devices to heavily exploit species attracted to them. No worldwide database for artificial habitats exists. The challenge to any ecological restoration effort is to define the condition or possibly even the historic baseline to which the system will be restored; in other words, to answer the question: “Restoration to what?” Examples of aquatic ecosystem restoration from Hong Kong (fisheries), the Pacific Ocean (kelp beds), Chesapeake Bay (oysters) and the Atlantic Ocean (coral reefs) are discussed. The degree to which these four situations consider or can approach a baseline is indicated and compared (e.g., four plants per 100 m2are proposed in one project). Measurement of performance is a key factor in restoration planning. These situations also are considered for the ecosystem and fishery contexts in which they are conducted. All use ecological data as a basis for physical design of restoration structures. The use of experimental, pilot and modeling practices is indicated. A context for the young field of marine restoration is provided by reviewing major factors in ecosystem degradation, such as high stress on 70% of commercially valuable fishes worldwide. Examples of habitat disruption include an extensive hypoxic/anoxic zone in the Gulf of Mexico and nutrient and contaminant burdens in the North Sea. Principles of ecological restoration are summarized, from planning through to evaluation. Alternate approaches to facilitate ecological recovery include land-use and ecosystem management and determining levels of human population, consumption and pollution.