Phylogeny of genus Cupuladria (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata) in the Neogene of tropical America
Phylogeny of genus Cupuladria (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata) in the Neogene of tropical America
复制标题
热带美洲新近纪Cupuladria属（苔藓虫门，Cheilostomata）的系统发育
作者：
Amalia Herrera;J. Jackson
摘要利用57个形态特征对17个现存和化石Cupuladria种进行了区分，并分析了它们与现存Discoporella种的系统发育关系。数据来自496个现存和化石Cupuladria标本，年龄从早中新世到近代，分布在加勒比海到热带东太平洋。第一个系列的判别分析区分了3个形态类群：带替代木条的Cupuladria，不带替代木条的Cupuladria和discoporela。进一步的判别分析鉴定出17种Cupuladria。对这三组的进化分析得出了四棵同样节俭的树。所有的共识树都显示出相同的拓扑结构，将25种热带美洲cupuladriids划分为4个不同的单系分支，包括Discoporella，并且除了没有CV2分支的分子数据外，与先前的分子系统发育一致。CV1和CV2支系的物种多样性高于CNV支系，且主要涉及加勒比海物种。Cupuladria与替代分支1 （CV1）包括：C. monotrema、C. pacificensis、C. exfragminis、C. cheethami、C. biporosa和4个新种：C. pervagata、C. floridensis、C. colonensis和C. dominicana。Cupuladria与替代分支2 （CV2）包括：C. multesima、C. incognita和C. collyrida、C. veracruxiensis和C. planissima三个新种。无寄生的Cupuladria分支包括：C. surinamensis、C. panamensis和一新种C. gigas。物种的地层产状与枝内的枝状图拓扑结构一致。然而，假设的分支之间的分支关系与它们的地层分布相反，较年轻的分支CNV出现为两个较老的分支CV1和CV2的假设祖先。要解决这个明显的矛盾，还需要更广泛地收集早至中新世中期的Cupuladria和Discoporella标本。
Abstract We used 57 morphometric characters to discriminate 17 extant and fossil Cupuladria species and analyzed their phylogenetic relationships in relation to extant Discoporella species. Data were gathered from 496 extant and fossil Cupuladria specimens ranging in age from early Miocene to Recent and distributed from the Caribbean to tropical eastern Pacific. A first series of discriminant analyses distinguished three morphological groups: Cupuladria with vicarious avicularia, Cupuladria without vicarious avicularia, and Discoporella. Further discriminant analyses identified 17 species of Cupuladria. Cladistic analyses of these three groups yielded four equally parsimonious trees. All of the consensus trees exhibited the same topology, dividing the 25 tropical American cupuladriids into four distinct monophyletic clades, including Discoporella, and are consistent with previous molecular phylogenies except that there are no molecular data for the CV2 clade. Diversification of species was higher in the CV1 and CV2 clades than CNV clade, and involved mostly Caribbean species. Cupuladria with vicarious clade 1 (CV1) includes: C. monotrema, C. pacificiensis, C. exfragminis, C. cheethami, C. biporosa, and four new species: C. pervagata, C. floridensis, C. colonensis and C. dominicana. Cupuladria with vicarious clade 2 (CV2) includes: C. multesima, C. incognita, and three new species C. collyrida, C. veracruxiensis and C. planissima. Cupuladria clade without vicarious (CNV) includes: C. surinamensis, C. panamensis, and one new species C. gigas. The stratigraphic occurrence of species is consistent with cladogram topology within clades. However hypothesized cladistic relations among clades are the reverse of their stratigraphic occurrence with younger clade CNV appearing as the hypothetical ancestor of the two older clades CV1 and CV2. More extensive collections of early to middle Miocene specimens of Cupuladria and Discoporella will be required to resolve this apparent paradox.