Mapping and modelling global mobility infrastructure stocks, material flows and their embodied greenhouse gas emissions
Mapping and modelling global mobility infrastructure stocks, material flows and their embodied greenhouse gas emissions
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DOI：
10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.139742
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发表时间：
2023-11
影响因子：
11.1
通讯作者：
Dominik Wiedenhofer;André Baumgart;Sarah Matej;Doris Virág;Gerald Kalt;M. Lanau;D. Tingley;Zhiwei Liu;Jing Guo;Hiroki Tanikawa;H. Haberl
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作者：
Dominik Wiedenhofer;André Baumgart;Sarah Matej;Doris Virág;Gerald Kalt;M. Lanau;D. Tingley;Zhiwei Liu;Jing Guo;Hiroki Tanikawa;H. Haberl
基于公路和铁路的交通基础设施是交通服务的基础，也是若干可持续发展目标的基础，但也会导致材料使用和温室气体排放。到目前为止，还没有一项存量-流量一致性研究评估了全球交通基础设施的累积存量、相关的物流和排放及其空间格局。隧道和桥梁，并模拟相关的材料流及其2021年的隐含排放。存量流量一致模型将众包的开放街道地图数据与原型基础设施设计、材料组成、生命周期假设和网络增长率相结合，包括不确定范围。我们获得了180个国家的空间清晰的国家级库存估计值，并以5弧分的分辨率绘制了地图，并得出了国家级的材料流及其隐含排放量。我们发现，全球交通基础设施中积累了314 [218-403] Gt（41 [28-53]吨/帽）的材料，其中大部分是骨料和沥青。各国之间的库存分布不均，低收入国家的平均值为23 [16-30]吨/上限，高收入国家的平均值为130 [89-164]吨/上限。人均存量的空间不平等在数量级上有所不同，农村、郊区和密集城市地区之间的差异为101- 104。我们发现，8 [4-16] Gt/年的物质流是由于扩张和维护，占全球资源开采的6 [3-10] %。这些转化为0.36 [0.19-0.69] Gt CO2当量/年，或2021年全球温室气体排放量的1 [0.5-1.9] %。这些流量中约有三分之二来自库存的维护和更换，表明由于现有基础设施库存，资源使用受到重要锁定。这些发现支持了改善空间规划、限制种群扩张和（郊区）城市化的关键作用，以实现更可持续的资源利用和减缓气候变化。
Roads and rail-based mobility infrastructures are the basis for mobility services and underpin several Sustainable Development Goals, but also induce material use and greenhouse gas emissions. To date, no stock-flow consistent study has assessed globally accumulated stocks of mobility infrastructures, associated material flows and emissions, and their spatial patterns.We present global findings on material stocks for all roads, rail-based infrastructures, incl. tunnels and bridges, and model associated material flows and their embodied emissions for the year 2021. The stock-flow consistent model combines crowd-sourced Open Street Maps data with archetypical infrastructure designs, material compositions, assumptions on lifetimes and network growth rates, incl. uncertainty ranges. We derive spatially explicit, national-level stock estimates for 180 countries, map them at a resolution of 5 arcminutes, and derive material flows and their embodied emissions at the country-level.We find that 314 [218–403] Gt of materials (41 [28–53] tons/cap) have accumulated in global mobility infrastructure, the majority in roads as aggregates and asphalt. Stocks are unequally distributed between countries, from averages of 23 [16–30] tons/cap in low income countries, to 130 [89–164] tons/cap in high income countries. Spatial inequality of per capita stocks per area differs by orders of magnitude, from 101-104between rural, suburban, and dense urban areas. We find that 8 [4–16] Gt/year of material flows are due to expansion and maintenance, amounting to 6 [3–10] % of global resource extraction. These translate into 0.36 [0.19–0.69] Gt CO2eq/year, or 1 [0.5–1.9] % of global GHG emissions in 2021.Approximately two-thirds of these flows result from maintenance and replacement of stocks, indicating an important lock-in of resource use due to already existing infrastructure stocks. These findings support the crucial role of improving spatial planning, limiting stock expansion and (sub-)urbanization, to achieve more sustainable resource use and mitigate climate change.