Facilitating green ammonia manufacture under milder conditions: what do heterogeneous catalyst formulations have to offer?
Facilitating green ammonia manufacture under milder conditions: what do heterogeneous catalyst formulations have to offer?
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DOI：
10.1039/d1sc04734e
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发表时间：
2022-01-26
期刊：
影响因子：
8.4
通讯作者：
Makepeace JW
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Ravi M;Makepeace JW
氨生产是最大的工业过程之一，目前占全球温室气体排放量的1.5%以上。将这一过程脱碳，产生“绿色氨”，不仅对可持续的化肥生产至关重要，而且对释放氨作为零碳燃料和氢储存的潜力也至关重要。从这个角度来看，我们严格评估了尖端多相催化剂的作用，以促进更温和的氨合成条件，这将有助于解锁更便宜，更小规模，可再生耦合的氨生产。在Haber-Bosch工艺的高温和高压下，催化剂的高度优化的性能与在较低温度和压力下报告的基本上平庸的活性水平形成对比。我们确定了催化剂设计的最新进展，有助于克服在这些条件下的氮气活化的动力学缓慢，并进行分类分析，在一系列非均相催化剂中实现的改进的活性。在这些观察的基础上，我们开发了一种“催化剂效率”分析，有助于揭示整体方法的成功-解决氮活化，吸附氮物质的氢化和材料工程的问题，以最大限度地利用活性位点-实现高活性，低温配方的难以捉摸的组合。此外，我们提出了一个讨论的工业考虑，催化剂的发展，强调催化剂寿命的重要性，除了催化剂的活性。该评估对于确保高生产率可以转化为商业氨合成的真实的进步至关重要。向绿色氨的转变是必要的，但是常规催化剂在“绿色”反应条件下表现不佳。我们对开发适用于较低温度和压力的更高效催化剂的最新进展进行了展望。
Ammonia production is one of the largest industrial processes, and is currently responsible for over 1.5% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Decarbonising this process, yielding ‘green ammonia’, is critical not only for sustainable fertilizer production, but also to unlocking ammonia's potential as a zero-carbon fuel and hydrogen store. In this perspective, we critically assess the role of cutting-edge heterogeneous catalysts to facilitate milder ammonia synthesis conditions that will help unlock cheaper, smaller-scale, renewables-coupled ammonia production. The highly-optimised performance of catalysts under the high temperatures and pressures of the Haber–Bosch process stands in contrast to the largely mediocre activity levels reported at lower temperatures and pressures. We identify the recent advances in catalyst design that help overcome the sluggish kinetics of nitrogen activation under these conditions and undertake a categorized analysis of improved activity achieved in a range of heterogeneous catalysts. Building on these observations, we develop a ‘catalyst efficiency’ analysis which helps uncover the success of a holistic approach — one that addresses the issues of nitrogen activation, hydrogenation of adsorbed nitrogen species, and engineering of materials to maximize the utilization of active sites — for achieving the elusive combination of high-activity, low-temperature formulations. Furthermore, we present a discussion on the industrial considerations to catalyst development, emphasising the importance of catalyst lifetime in addition to catalyst activity. This assessment is critical to ensuring that high productivities can translate into real advances in commercial ammonia synthesis. The transition to green ammonia is necessary, but conventional catalysts perform poorly under ‘green’ reaction conditions. We provide a perspective on the recent progress in developing more efficient catalysts for lower temperatures and pressures.
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影响因子：
8.4
作者：
D'Angelo, Sebastiano Carlo;Cobo, Selene;Guillen-Gosalbez, Gonzalo
通讯作者：
Guillen-Gosalbez, Gonzalo
影响因子：
18.3
作者：
Erisman, Jan Willem;Sutton, Mark A.;Winiwarter, Wilfried
通讯作者：
Winiwarter, Wilfried
影响因子：
2.1
作者：
Dybkjaer, Ib;Aasberg-Petersen, Kim
通讯作者：
Aasberg-Petersen, Kim
影响因子：
3.7
作者：
Demirhan, C. Doga;Tso, William W.;Pistikopoulos, Efstratios N.
通讯作者：
Pistikopoulos, Efstratios N.
影响因子：
7.3
作者：
AIKA, K;OZAKI, A;HORI, H
通讯作者：
HORI, H