The Eruption of Krakatau
The Eruption of Krakatau
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喀拉喀托火山喷发
DOI：
10.1038/scientificamerican1183-172
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发表时间：
1983
影响因子：
3
通讯作者：
S. Self
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
P. Francis;S. Self
一百年前，1883年8月27日的早晨，一系列间歇性的火山爆发在阵发性的火山爆发中达到高潮，伴随着喀拉喀托的大部分毁灭，喀拉喀托是巽他海峡上的一个小岛。火山喷发引发的海啸（“潮汐波”）在邻近的印度尼西亚爪哇岛和苏门答腊岛上造成3万多人死亡。这一事件引起了全世界的关注。科学调查对新兴的火山学领域作出了重要贡献。然而，直到现在，才有可能根据潜在的火山活动过程来解释喷发序列中的一些主要事件。在这里，我们来解决火山喷发引发的三个备受争议的问题：是什么引发了它？为什么在喷发序列中有这么多剧烈的爆炸？毁灭性的海啸和大规模爆炸之间的关系是什么？喀拉喀托火山爆发时，澳大利亚中部、马尼拉、斯里兰卡以及5000多公里外的印度洋上的罗德里格斯岛都能听到爆炸声。世界范围内都探测到低频大气波（频率低到听不见）；在5863公里外的东京，气压计显示气压上升了1.45毫巴。火山喷发产生的海浪不仅穿越了太平洋，还穿越了大西洋：17000公里外的比斯开湾的潮汐计检测到了这些海浪。火山喷发向大气中喷射的尘埃和气体在之后的几个月里在全球范围内产生了壮观的日落。同期北半球的平均气温为。5。比正常低了8摄氏度。
One hundred years ago, on the morning of August 27, 1883, a series of intermittent volcanic explosions culminated in the paroxys mal blasts that accompanied the de struction of most of Krakatau, a small island in the Sunda Straits. Tsunamis (" tidal waves") set in motion by the eruption killed more than 30,000 people on the neighboring Indonesian islands of Java and Sumatra. The event attract ed worldwide attention, and the ensuing. scientific investigations made important contributions to the fledgling field of volcanology. Only now, however, is it becoming possible to explain some of the major events in the eruption se quence in terms of the underlying vol canic processes. Here we address three much-debated questions the eruption raises: What triggered it? Why were there so many violent explosions in the eruption sequence? What was the rela tion between the devastating tsunamis and the massive explosions? When Krakatau erupted, the explo sions were heard in central Australia, Manila, Sri Lanka and on Rodriguez Is land, more than 5,000 kilometers away in the Indian Ocean. Lower-frequency atmospheric waves (at frequencies too low to be audible) were detected world wide; barometers in Tokyo, 5,863 kilo meters away, registered a pressure in crease of 1.45 millibars. The sea waves generated by the eruption traveled not only across the Pacific but also across the Atlantic: they were detected by tide gauges in the Bay of Biscay, 17,000 kilo meters away. The dust and gases inject ed into the atmosphere by the eruption produced spectacular sunsets world wide for months afterward. The mean temperatures recorded in the Northern Hemisphere during the same period were from. 5 to. 8 degree Celsius lower than normal.