The influence of social factors on genderaEuro health
The influence of social factors on genderaEuro health
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DOI：
10.1093/humrep/dew154
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发表时间：
2016-08-01
影响因子：
6.1
通讯作者：
Volpe, A.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Aboulghar, M.;Albertini, D. F.;Volpe, A.
男性出生率比女性出生率高5-6%（出生性别比为1.05-1.06），而全球范围内女性的预期寿命大约长6年。因此，在不同年龄组中，男女比例随时间而变化。在50岁之前，男子人数超过妇女; 50岁之后，男子人数急剧下降。因此，80岁以上的妇女比男子多得多。据估计，男性死亡率过高的25%是由于生物原因，其余的是行为、文化和环境因素造成的。对妇女和男子来说，与生活方式有关的主要健康风险是吸烟、酗酒、不健康饮食和缺乏体育活动。2010年，超重（BMI：25-29 kg/m2）和肥胖（BMI：> 30 kg/m2）导致300多万人死亡，男性和女性超重和肥胖的相对风险相似。吸烟和酗酒是造成全球死亡率性别差距的主要原因。然而，对于世界上某些地区的妇女来说，怀孕也是危险的。在全球范围内，2013年约有30万例死亡与怀孕有关，撒哈拉以南非洲的孕产妇死亡率最高：每10万例分娩中有500多例孕产妇死亡。性别歧视，包括针对胎儿性别进行的选择性人工流产、暴力侵害妇女行为和童婚，也给妇女的健康带来更多风险。提供者应该意识到这些风险对生殖健康和一般健康的影响。
Male births exceed female births by 5-6% (for a sex ratio at birth of 1.05-1.06) while a women's life expectancy, on a global scale, is about 6 years longer. Thus within various age groups the male:female ratio changes over time. Until age 50 years men outnumber women; thereafter their numbers show a sharp decline. Consequently at age 80 years, there are many more women than men. An estimated 25% of this male excess mortality is due to biological causes, the rest being explained by behavioural, cultural and environmental factors. For both women and men, the main health risks related to lifestyle are smoking, alcohol, unhealthy diet and physical inactivity. In the year 2010, overweight (BMI: 25-29 kg/m(2)) and obesity (BMI: > 30 kg/m(2)) were responsible for over 3 million deaths, with similar relative risks in men and women for overweight and obesity. Smoking and alcohol are the major causes of the global gender gap in mortality. For women in some parts of the world however pregnancy is also hazardous. On a global scale, in 2013 about 300 000 deaths were related to pregnancy, with sub-Saharan Africa registering the highest maternal mortality: over 500 maternal deaths per 100 000 births. Additional woman's health risks arise from gender discrimination, including sex-selective abortion, violence against women and early child marriage. Providers should be aware of the effect that these risks can have on both reproductive and general health.