Transcriptomic analysis of toxoplasma development reveals many novel functions and structures specific to sporozoites and oocysts.
Transcriptomic analysis of toxoplasma development reveals many novel functions and structures specific to sporozoites and oocysts.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0029998
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发表时间：
2012
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Boothroyd JC
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Fritz HM;Buchholz KR;Chen X;Durbin-Johnson B;Rocke DM;Conrad PA;Boothroyd JC
刚地弓形虫的有性繁殖只发生在确定的猫科宿主的肠细胞内。由此产生的未成熟卵囊在排便过程中被排泄到环境中，在接下来的几天里，它们经历了一个复杂的发育过程。在每个卵囊内，最终产生两个孢子囊，每个孢子囊含有4个孢子子。一个单一的猫科宿主能够脱落数百万个卵囊，这些卵囊可以在环境中存活数年，在水处理过程中对大多数微生物灭活方法具有抵抗力，并且能够在摄入1-10个卵囊的低剂量下在温血宿主中产生感染。尽管卵囊的发育生物学非常有趣，在引发感染中起着至关重要的作用，但除了形态学描述之外，对卵囊阶段几乎一无所知。在这里，我们提出了一个完整的转录组分析的卵囊从开始到结束其发展。此外，为了鉴定这种发育形式特有的表达基因，我们将发育中的卵囊与体外衍生的速殖子和体内衍生的慢殖子的转录组进行了比较。我们的研究结果揭示了许多基因的表达在不同的发育阶段被特异性上调或下调，包括许多可能对卵囊发育、壁形成、对环境破坏的抗性和孢子虫传染性至关重要的基因。特别值得注意的是，在速殖子和慢殖子中出现“关闭”的基因的上调，但这些基因编码的蛋白同源物已知在这些无性阶段起关键作用，包括一组新的孢子子特异性同源物AMA1和RON2，这两种蛋白最近被证明在速殖子侵入宿主细胞过程中形成了一个关键的桥梁。这项工作提供了第一次深入了解弓形虫生命周期中最重要但研究最少的阶段之一的发展和功能。
Sexual reproduction of Toxoplasma gondii occurs exclusively within enterocytes of the definitive felid host. The resulting immature oocysts are excreted into the environment during defecation, where in the days following, they undergo a complex developmental process. Within each oocyst, this culminates in the generation of two sporocysts, each containing 4 sporozoites. A single felid host is capable of shedding millions of oocysts, which can survive for years in the environment, are resistant to most methods of microbial inactivation during water-treatment and are capable of producing infection in warm-blooded hosts at doses as low as 1–10 ingested oocysts. Despite its extremely interesting developmental biology and crucial role in initiating an infection, almost nothing is known about the oocyst stage beyond morphological descriptions. Here, we present a complete transcriptomic analysis of the oocyst from beginning to end of its development. In addition, and to identify genes whose expression is unique to this developmental form, we compared the transcriptomes of developing oocysts with those of in vitro-derived tachyzoites and in vivo-derived bradyzoites. Our results reveal many genes whose expression is specifically up- or down-regulated in different developmental stages, including many genes that are likely critical to oocyst development, wall formation, resistance to environmental destruction and sporozoite infectivity. Of special note is the up-regulation of genes that appear “off” in tachyzoites and bradyzoites but that encode homologues of proteins known to serve key functions in those asexual stages, including a novel pairing of sporozoite-specific paralogues of AMA1 and RON2, two proteins that have recently been shown to form a crucial bridge during tachyzoite invasion of host cells. This work provides the first in-depth insight into the development and functioning of one of the most important but least studied stages in the Toxoplasma life cycle.
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影响因子：
11.8
作者：
de Moura L;Bahia-Oliveira LM;Wada MY;Jones JL;Tuboi SH;Carmo EH;Ramalho WM;Camargo NJ;Trevisan R;Graça RM;da Silva AJ;Moura I;Dubey JP;Garrett DO
通讯作者：
Garrett DO
一种新型的多功能寡核苷酸微阵列，用于弓形虫Gondii。
影响因子：
4.4
作者：
Bahl A;Davis PH;Behnke M;Dzierszinski F;Jagalur M;Chen F;Shanmugam D;White MW;Kulp D;Roos DS
通讯作者：
Roos DS
影响因子：
29.7
作者：
Cerutti A;Chen K;Chorny A
通讯作者：
Chorny A
影响因子：
--
作者：
Cleary, MD;Singh, U;Boothroyd, JC
通讯作者：
Boothroyd, JC
DOI：
10.2460/javma.231.11.1676
发表时间：
2007-12-01
影响因子：
1.9
作者：
Dabritz, Haydee A.;Miller, Mellisa A.;Conrad, Patricia A.
通讯作者：
Conrad, Patricia A.