Development and evolution of extreme synorganization in angiosperm flowers and diversity: a comparison of Apocynaceae and Orchidaceae
Development and evolution of extreme synorganization in angiosperm flowers and diversity: a comparison of Apocynaceae and Orchidaceae
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DOI：
10.1093/aob/mcv119
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发表时间：
2016-04-01
期刊：
影响因子：
4.2
通讯作者：
Endress, Peter K.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Endress, Peter K.
夹竹桃科（Apocynaceae）和兰科（Orchidaceae）是被子植物中两个具有极端花组结构的科。它们是不相关的，前者在真双子叶植物中，后者在单子叶植物中，但它们在花粉块和花粉囊的形成中汇合，这在任何其他被子植物科中都不发生，而花器官的极端合生是其先决条件。在每个家庭广泛的研究花的发育和进化已经进行，但是，新的比较研究，重点是花synorganization和涉及两个家庭一起缺乏。范围这项研究的形态学文献进行了广泛的搜索。在此基础上，结合我自己对夹竹桃科和兰科各种花以及其他被子植物复杂花的扫描电镜和切片系列的研究，主要结果夹竹桃科和兰科植物的合生组织部分发育有延长的趋势，合生组织部分的发育有延长的趋势，合生组织部分的发育有延长的趋势（开花期两个或多个器官的合生组织的发育开始得越早，越明显）。同组织（或复杂性）也为新结构铺平了道路。夹竹桃科中最显著的这种新结构之一是花冠，它不是现有器官的合成产物;然而，它可能是由其他现有的花部分的合成增强的。在对比synorganized部分，冠出现发育late.Conclusions花器官的Synorganization可能会导致大量的收敛，只有非常遥远的相关分支。在这项比较研究中强调的趋同性应在今后的研究中直接并行地进行发展研究。
Background and Aims Apocynaceae and Orchidaceae are two angiosperm families with extreme flower synorganization. They are unrelated, the former in eudicots, the latter in monocots, but they converge in the formation of pollinia and pollinaria, which do not occur in any other angiosperm family, and for which extreme synorganization of floral organs is a precondition. In each family extensive studies on flower development and evolution have been performed; however, newer comparative studies focusing on flower synorganization and involving both families together are lacking.Scope For this study an extensive search through the morphological literature has been conducted. Based on this and my own studies on flowers in various Apocynaceae and Orchidaceae and complex flowers in other angiosperms with scanning electron microscopy and with microtome section series, a review on convergent floral traits in flower development and architecture in the two families is presented.Key Findings There is a tendency of protracted development of synorganized parts in Apocynaceae and Orchidaceae (development of synorganization of two or more organs begins earlier the more accentuated it is at anthesis). Synorganization (or complexity) also paves the way for novel structures. One of the most conspicuous such novel structures in Apocynaceae is the corona, which is not the product of synorganization of existing organs; however, it is probably enhanced by synorganization of other, existing, floral parts. In contrast to synorganized parts, the corona appears developmentally late.Conclusions Synorganization of floral organs may lead to a large number of convergences in clades that are only very distantly related. The convergences that have been highlighted in this comparative study should be developmentally investigated directly in parallel in future studies.