Analysis of Thermal Performance Metrics—Application to CPU Cooling in HPC Servers
Analysis of Thermal Performance Metrics—Application to CPU Cooling in HPC Servers
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热性能指标分析 - 在 HPC 服务器中 CPU 冷却的应用
DOI：
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发表时间：
2021
期刊：
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通讯作者：
S. Guggari
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
S. Guggari
散热器的优化对于高性能计算 (HPC) 服务器的节能冷却以满足可靠性、性能和成本目标至关重要。本文详细介绍了有效性作为性能指标的应用，以提供 CPU 散热器解决方案的定性比较。首先，强调使用有效性作为衡量标准，以 0-1 的简单等级提供散热器的绝对性能。然后，比较有效性和热阻，探索空气冷却的局限性和液体冷却的相对优点。其次，提出了一种用于散热器优化的响应面法（RSM）。此外，使用 FloTHERM 计算流体动力学 (CFD) 软件对散热器和冷板的数值模型执行基于实验设计 (DOE) 的响应面优化 (RSO)。在 45 °C 入口处获得的模拟结果用于对最佳散热器和冷板进行客观比较。模拟结果显示，散热器的效率为 0.65–0.75，冷却能力为 150–250 W。冷板的效率为 0.25–0.30，冷却能力为 325–425 W。此外，模拟结果与基准验证研究进行了比较。与直觉相反，风冷散热器获得的较高效率表明进一步改进的范围有限，而冷板（效率较低）则提供了巨大的进一步改进空间，以满足未来的冷却挑战。
Optimization of heatsinks has a critical importance for the energy-efficient cooling of high-performance computing (HPC) servers to meet reliability, performance, and cost targets. This article provides a detailed application of the effectiveness as a performance metric to provide a qualitative comparison of the CPU heatsink solutions. First, the use of effectiveness as a metric to provide an absolute performance of heatsinks on a simple scale of 0–1 is highlighted. Then, the effectiveness and thermal resistances are compared to explore the limits of air cooling and the relative merits of liquid cooling. Second, a response surface method (RSM) for the heatsink optimization is presented. Furthermore, a response surface optimization (RSO) based on the design of experiments (DOE) is performed on the numerical models of the heatsink and cold plates using FloTHERM computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software. The simulation results obtained at 45 °C inlet are used to provide an objective comparison among the optimum heatsink and cold plates. The simulations show that heatsinks have the effectiveness of 0.65–0.75 and a cooling capability of 150–250 W. The cold plates have an effectiveness of 0.25–0.30 and a cooling capability of 325–425 W. Furthermore, the simulation results are compared with benchmark validation studies. Counterintuitively, the higher effectiveness obtained for the air-cooled heatsinks indicates limited scope for further improvement, whereas the cold plates (with lower effectiveness) provide great scope for further improvements to meet future cooling challenges.