The orientation of the cervical vertebral column in unrestrained awake animals. I. Resting position.
The orientation of the cervical vertebral column in unrestrained awake animals. I. Resting position.
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不受约束的清醒动物的颈椎方向。
DOI：
10.1007/bf00237580
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发表时间：
1986
影响因子：
2
通讯作者：
Berthoz,A
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Vidal,PP;Graf,W;Berthoz,A
本文用X线摄影法研究了9种无拘束脊椎动物（人、猴、猫、兔、豚鼠、大鼠、鸡、青蛙、蜥蜴）的头和颈区颈椎的方向。此外，水平半规管的方向进行了测量，在四个物种使用的标志头骨。在所有研究的脊椎动物中，除了青蛙和蜥蜴，当动物休息时，颈椎的一般方向是垂直的，而不是颈部的宏观外观所建议的水平或倾斜。动物的姿势，无论是躺下，坐着还是站着，对这种一般的垂直方向几乎没有影响，尽管根据物种的不同注意到了一些变化。这一发现提示了休息区的定义，在休息区，颈柱可以在平均位置周围的狭窄范围内采取任何方向。颈椎构成了整个脊柱的S形结构的一部分，在颈胸（C7/Th 1）交界处周围有一个拐点。这个特征在蜥蜴中已经是可模仿的。颈椎的垂直方向被解释为提供头部的稳定和节能平衡。此外，当头部降低或抬起时，寰枕和颈胸交界处主要受累，而整个颈柱在很大程度上保持其固有构型。颈胸脊柱的弯曲结构嵌在长的弹簧状肌肉中，被解释为起到减震器的作用。在休息时，动物并没有保持他们的头与水平渠道定向地球水平所有的时间，但往往保持他们向上仰约。在其他时候，大概当警戒水平增加时，水平运河被带到地球水平面。颈柱的垂直定向导致轴（第二颈椎，C2）的齿状突的垂直定位，其因此提供用于头部的偏航运动的旋转轴。这个轴对应于水平半规管的轴。鸟类和哺乳动物颈椎的垂直结构，无论动物是四足动物还是两足动物，都指向眼睛和头部运动系统的共同组织原则。这些运动可能是由共同的神经元元件控制凝视和相关的反射（前庭，视动，颈部），与平行的旋转轴的头部，水平半规管，和水平眼外肌。
The orientation of the cervical vertebral column was studied by X-ray photography of the region containing the head and the neck in nine unrestrained species of vertebrates (man, monkey, cat, rabbit, guinea pig, rat, chicken, frog, lizard). In addition, the orientation of the horizontal semicircular canals was measured in four species using landmarks on the skull. In all vertebrates studied, with the exception of frog and lizard, the general orientation of the cervical vertebral column was vertical when animals were at rest, and not horizontal or oblique as suggested by the macroscopic appearance of the neck. The posture of the animal, whether lying, sitting or standing, had little effect on this general vertical orientation, although some variability was noticed depending on the species. This finding prompted the definition of a resting zone, where the cervical column can take any orientation within a narrow range around a mean position. The cervical vertebral column composes part of the S-shaped structure of the entire vertebral column, with one inflection around the cervico-thoracic (C7/Th1) junction. This feature is already noticable in the lizard. The vertical orientation of the cervical vertebral column is interpreted to provide a stable and energy saving balance of the head. Furthermore, when the head is lowered or raised, the atlantooccipital and cervico-thoracic junctions are predominantly involved, while the entire cervical column largely preserves its intrinsic configuration. The curved configuration of the cervico-thoracic vertebral column embedded in long spring-like muscles is interpreted to function as a shock absorber. At rest, animals did not hold their heads with the horizontal canals oriented earth horizontally all the time, but often maintained them pitched up by ca. 5 deg, as has been reported for man. At other times, presumably when the vigilance level increased, the horizontal canals were brought into the earth horizontal plane. The vertical orientation of the cervical column results in a vertical positioning of the odontoid process of the axis (second cervical vertebra, C2), which thus provides the axis of rotation for yaw movements of the head. This axis corresponds to that of the horizontal semicircular canals. The vertical organization of the cervical vertebral column in birds and mammals, whether the animal is quadrupedal or bipedal, points to a common organizational principle for eye and head movement systems. These movements may be subserved by common neuronal elements controlling gaze and related reflexes (vestibular, optokinetic, cervical), with parallel rotational axes of the head, the horizontal semicircular canals, and the horizontal extraocular muscles.